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Firefox3 Download Day Pledges Hit 1000 000 million

2008-06-10T22:39:00.001-07:00

Today, Firefox3's Download Day pledges hit the magic number of 1,000,000! Congratulations to the Mozilla team.

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Good Friday

2008-03-19T23:40:00.000-07:00

GOOD FRIDAY

Jesus Christ, having been arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane by the Temple Guards through the guidance of Judas Iscariot, is brought to the house of Annas, who is father-in-law of the current high priest, Caiaphas. There he is interrogated with little result, and sent bound to Caiaphas the high priest, where the Sanhedrin had assembled (John 18:1-24).

Conflicting testimony against Jesus is brought forth by many witnesses, to which Jesus answers nothing. Finally the high priest adjures Jesus to respond under solemn oath, saying "I adjure you, by the Living God, to tell us, are you the Anointed One, the Son of God?" Jesus testifies in the affirmative, "You have said it, and in time you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Almighty, coming on the clouds of Heaven." The high priest condemns Jesus for blasphemy, and the Sanhedrin concurs with a sentence of death (Matthew 26:57-66).

GOOD FRIDAY

T[ The Office being ended, the Priest and Ministers,
in black vestments, and without candles and incense,
shall go unto the Altar ; and prostrating themselves
before it, shall pray for a while. And the Acolytes shall
spread one cloth and no more upon the Altar. His
prayer being finished, the Priest, with the Ministers,
shall go up to the A Itar, and kiss it in the middle : and
thereafter the Reader, going to the place where the
Epistle is read, shall read the Prophecy, beginning it
without any announcement, and the Priest shall read it
at the same time in a low voice, standing at the Epistle
corner.

Hosea 6.

HTHUS saith the Lord : In their affliction they
J- will seek me early. Come, and let us return
unto the Lord : for he hath torn, and he will heal us ;
he hath smitten, and he will bind us up. After two
days will he revive us : in the third day he will raise
us up, and we shall live in his sight. Then shall we
know, if we follow on to know the Lord : his going
forth is prepared as the morning ; and he shall come
unto us as the rain, as the latter and former rain unto
the earth. O Ephraim, what shall I do unto thee ?
O Judah, what shall I do unto thee ? For your good
ness is as a morning cloud, and as the early dew it
goeth away. Therefore I have hewed them by the
prophets ; I have slain them by the words of my
mouth : and thy judgments are as the light that
goeth forth. For I desired mercy, and not sacrifice ;
and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings.

Good Friday

TRACT. Hob. 3. O Lord, I have heard thy
speech, and was afraid : I have considered thy works,
and was confounded.

y. O Lord, revive thy work in the midst of the
years : in the midst of the years make it known
y. In the time of confusion of my soul : in wrath,
remember mercy, y. God came from Teman, and
his Holy One from the thick woods of the mountains.
y. His glory covered the heavens : and the earth
was full of his praise.

The Tract being ended, the Priest at the Epistle
corner shall say : Let us pray. Then shall the Deacon
say : Let us bow the knee. And the Subdeacon : Arise.

COLLECT.

ALMIGHTY God, we beseech thee graciously to
*^*- behold this thy family, for which our Lord
Jesus Christ was contented to be betrayed, and given
up into the hands of wicked men, and to suffer death
upon the Cross : Who now liveth and reigneth with
thee and the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without
end. 1^7. Amen.

Let us pray. Let us bow the knee. ty. Arise.

COLLECT.

ALMIGHTY and everlasting God, by whose
^* Spirit the whole body of the Church is governed
and sanctified : receive our supplications and
prayers, which we offer before thee for all estates of
men in thy holy Church ; that every member of the
same, in his vocation and ministry, may truly and
godly serve thee. Through our Lord and Saviour
Jesus Christ. It?. Amen,

Let us pray. Let us bow the knee. 3^7. Arise.

Good Friday

COLLECT.

O MERCIFUL God, who hast made all men, and
hatest nothing that thou hast made, nor
wouldest the death of a sinner, but rather that he
should be converted and live : have mercy upon all
Jews, Turks, Infidels, and Hereticks, and take from
them all ignorance, hardness of heart, and contempt
of thy Word ; and so fetch them home, blessed Lord,
to thy flock, that they may be saved among the
remnant of the true Israelites, and be made one fold
under one shepherd, Jesus Christ our Lord : Who
liveth and reigneth with thee and the Holy Spirit,
one God, world without end. ty. Amen.

Then shall the Subdeacon, without any announce
ment, sing the Epistle following. Heb. 10. i.

T)RETHREN: The law having a shadow of good
U things to come, and not the very image of the
things, can never with those sacrifices, which they
offered year by year continually, make the comers
thereunto perfect : for then would they not have
ceased to be offered ? because that the worshippers
once purged should have had no more conscience of
sins. But in those sacrifices there is a remembrance
again made of sins every year. For it is not possible
that the blood of bulls and of goats should take away
sins. Wherefore, when he cometh into the world, he
saith : Sacrifice and offering thou wouldest not, but a
body hast thou prepared me : in burnt-offerings and
sacrifices for sin thou hast had no pleasure. Then
said I: Lo, I come (in the volume of the book it is
written of me) to do thy will, O God. Above, when
he said : Sacrifice and offering, and burnt-offerings,
and offering for sin thou wouldest not, neither hadst
pleasure therein, which are offered by the Law : then

Good Friday

said he : Lo, I come to do thy will, O God. He taketh
away the first, that he may establish the second. By
the which will we are sanctified, through the offering
of the body of Jesus Christ once for all. And every
priest standeth daily ministering, and offering often
times the same sacrifices, which can never take away
sins. But this man, after he had offered one sacrifice
for sins for ever, sat down on the right hand of God ;
from henceforth expecting till his enemies be made
his foot-stool. For by one offering he hath perfected
for ever them that are sanctified. Whereof the Holy
Ghost also is a witness to us : for after that he had
said before : This is the covenant that I will make
with them after those days, saith the Lord, I will put
my laws into their hearts, and in their minds will I
write them ; and their sins and iniquities will I re
member no more. Now where remission of these is,
there is no more offering for sin. Having therefore,
brethren, boldness to enter into the holiest by the
blood of Jesus, by a new and living way, which he
hath consecrated for us, through the vail, that is to
say, his flesh ; and having an High Priest over the
house of God ; let us draw near with a true heart, in
full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled
from an evil conscience, and our bodies washed with
pure water. Let us hold fast the profession of our
faith without wavering ; (for he is faithful that pro
mised ;) and let us consider one another to provoke
unto love, and to good works ; not forsaking the
assembling of ourselves together, as the manner of
some is ; but exhorting one another ; and so much
the more, as ye see the day approaching.

TRACT. Ps. 140. Deliver me, O Lord, from the
evil man : and preserve me from the wicked man.
y. Who imagine mischief in their hearts : and stir
up strife all the day long. y. They have sharpened

Good Friday

their tongues like a serpent : adder s poison is under
their lips. y. Keep me, O Lord, from the hands of
the ungodly : and preserve me from the wicked men.
y. Who are purposed to overthrow my goings : the
proud have laid a snare for me. y. And spread a net
abroad with cords : yea, and set traps in my way.
y. I said unto the Lord : Thou art my God : hear the
voice of my prayers, O Lord. y. O Lord God, thou
strength of my health : thou hast covered my head
in the day of battle, y. Let not the ungodly have
his desire, O Lord : let not his mischievous imagina
tion prosper, lest they be too proud, y. Let the
mischief of their own lips fall upon the head of them :
that compass me about, y. The righteous also shall
give thanks unto thy Name : and the just shall
continue in thy sight.

The Tract ended, the Passion is read from a bare
desk : and the Celebrant shall read it also at the Epistle
horn of the Altar in a low voice.

The PASSION of our Lord Jesus Christ, according
to John. St. John 19. i.

T that time: Pilate therefore took Jesus, and
scourged him. And the soldiers platted a
crown of thorns, and put it on his head, and they put
on him a purple robe, and said : 5. Hail, King of the
Jews. C. And they smote him with their hands.
Pilate therefore went forth again, and saith unto
them : 5. Behold, I bring him forth to you, that ye
may know that I find no fault in him. C. Then came
Jesus forth, wearing the crown of thorns, and the
purple robe. And Pilate saith unto them : 5. Behold
the man ! C. When the chief priests therefore and
officers saw him, they cried out, saying : 5. Crucify
him, crucify him. C. Pilate saith unto them :

Good Friday

S. Take ye him, and crucify him : for I find no fault
in him. C. The Jews answered him ; 5. We have
a law, and by our law he ought to die, because he
made himself the Son of God. C. When Pilate there
fore heard that saying, he was the more afraid : and
went again into the judgement-hall, and saith unto
Jesus : 5. Whence art thou ? C. But Jesus gave him
no answer. Then saith Pilate unto him : 5. Speakest
thou not unto me ? Knowest thou not that I have
power to crucify thee, and have power to release
thee ? C. Jesus answered : >& Thou couldest have no
power at all against me, except it were given thee
from above : therefore he that delivered me unto
thee hath the greater sin. C. And from thenceforth
Pilate sought to release him : but the Jews cried out,
saying : 5. If thou let this man go, thou art not
Caesar s friend : whosoever maketh himself a king
speaketh against Caesar. C. When Pilate therefore
heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat
down in the judgment seat, in a place that is called
the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha. And
it was the preparation of the passover, and about the
sixth hour, and he saith unto the Jews : 5. Behold
your King ! C. But they cried out : 5. Away with
him, away with him, crucify him. C. Pilate saith unto
them : 5. Shall I crucify your King ? C. The chief
priests answered : 5. We have no king but Caesar.
C. Then delivered he him therefore unto them to be
crucified : and they took Jesus, and led him away.
And he, bearing his cross, went forth into a place
called the place of a skull, which is called in the
Hebrew, Golgotha : where they crucified him, and
two other with him, on either side one, and Jesus in
the midst. And Pilate wrote a title, and put it on the
cross, and the writing was : JESUS OF NAZARETH
THE KING OF THE JEWS. This title then read

.Good Friday

many of the Jews, for the place where Jesus was
crucified was nigh to the city : and it was written in
Hebrew, and Greek, and Latin. Then said the chief
priests of the Jews to Pilate : 5. Write not, The
King of the Jews : but that he said : I am the King
of the Jews. C. Pilate answered : S. What I have
written, I have written. C. Then the soldiers, when
they had crucified Jesus, took his garments, and
made four parts, to every soldier a part ; and also
his coat : now the coat was without seam, woven
from the top throughout. They said therefore
among themselves : 5. Let us not rend it, but cast
lots for it, whose it shall be. C. That the Scripture
might be fulfilled, which saith : They parted my
raiment among them, and for my vesture they did
cast lots. These things therefore the soldiers did.
Now there stood by the cross of Jesus, his mother,
and his mother s sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas,
and Mary Magdalene. When Jesus therefore saw his
mother, and the disciple standing by, whom he loved,
he saith unto his mother : >J< Woman, behold thy son.
C. Then saith he to the disciple : *Z< Behold thy
mother. C. And from that hour that disciple took
her unto his own home. After this, Jesus, knowing
that all things were now accomplished : that the
Scripture might be fulfilled, saith : ^ I thirst. C. Now
there was set a vessel full of vinegar : and they filled
a spunge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and
put it to his mouth. When Jesus therefore had
received the vinegar, he said : >J< It is finished. C. And
he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost. (Here
genuflect, and a pause is made.).

The rest is sung in the tone of the Gospel : Cleanse
my heart is said, but the blessing is not asked, nor are
lights carried nor incense, and at the end the Celebrant
does not kiss the book.

Good Friday

The Jews therefore, because it was the preparation,
that the bodies should not remain upon the cross on
the sabbath day, (for that sabbath day was an high
day,) besought Pilate that their legs might be broken,
and that they might be taken away. Then came the
soldiers, and brake the legs of the first, and of the
other which was crucified with him. But when they
came to Jesus, and saw that he was dead already,
they brake not his legs : but one of the soldiers with
a spear pierced his side, and forthwith came there out
blood and water. And he that saw it bare record,
and his record is true : and he knoweth that he saith
true, that ye might believe. For these things were
done, that the Scripture should be fulfilled : A bone
of him shall not be broken. And again another
Scripture saith : They shall look on him whom they
pierced.

Then the Priest, standing at the Epistle horn of the
A liar, shall begin immediately with joined hands :

EARLY beloved brethren, let us pray for the holy
Catholic Church : that the Lord our God may
vouchsafe to preserve it throughout all the world in
unity, peace and safety : making subject unto it all
principalities and powers : and that he may grant
unto us to dwell in such quiet and tranquillity that
we may duly shew forth the glory of God the Father
Almighty.

Let us pray. Deacon : Let us bow the knee.
Subdeacon : B?. Arise.

The Prayer is chanted in the ferial tone of the Collect
at Mass, with hands extended. Which method shall
serve for all the Prayers that follow.

Good Friday

DalaiLama: "I Won’t Stop the Tibet Protests"

2008-03-18T12:47:00.001-07:00

The DalaiLama said that he would not instruct his followers insideTibet to surrender before Chinese authorities, and he described feeling “helpless” in preventing what he feared could be animminent blood bath. He endorsed the right to peaceful protest, accusing Beijing of carrying out “a rule of terror".

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BookLamp.org is Pandora.com forBooks

2008-03-18T12:38:00.001-07:00

CanGoogleHearMe.com recentlyintroduced BookLamp.org. It's a system that matches users to books based on a full-text analysis of the novel, like how Pandora matches music. It measures elements like action, dialog, and description, graphs them for youscene-by-scene, and uses that to find other books that have similar writing style.

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OS XLeopard 10.5.2 Update 'Fixes Stacks!'

2008-03-06T02:21:00.001-08:00

According to a source familiar with the latest Leopard build seeded to developers, in addition to all those meaningless “little” fixes, our source tells us that Apple has fixed Stacks by adding the missing “list view” option that should have been there all along.

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Bad Credit? Great, You'll PayLess For a Car

2008-02-20T02:43:00.001-08:00

"You may not want to hear this but the people getting the best price on a car are people with bad credit ... The car-buying experience is designed to allow dealers to make up profits lost on bad-credit sales by making bigger profits on good-credit sales." So, just like with insurance, the rest of us end up paying higher rates because of the idiotsCar Salesmen rank somewhere just below Personal Injury Attorneys and right above Dog Fight Promoters on the Loveability Index. They'd shake their own mother down to squeeze out a few extra dollars on a sale. But you came in armed with excellent credit and a good payment history, so you're gonna get a better deal than some deadbeat, right? Wrong.Mark Marine is a long-time car dealer. But unlike many of his car-selling peers, he grew a conscience and decided maybe it was time consumers understood what really goes on when they buy a car. So he wrote a book titled, "Kick the Dealer... Not the Tires!". In it, he discusses the role your credit plays when you buy a car. And, even though it sounds counter-intuitive, having good credit may not get you the best deal."You may not want to hear this but the people getting the best price on a car are people with bad credit," says Marine. "The car-buying experience is designed to allow dealers to make up profits lost on bad-credit sales by making bigger profits on good-credit sales." So, just like with insurance, the rest of us end up paying higher rates because of the idiots out there.So how can you arm yourself against the dealers when they check your credit and find out you actually pay your bills on time? Marine gives five key points you should know before buying a new car:1. Check your Credit Report.Most credit reports contain inaccurate information. It's up to you to correct it — there's no government agency that requires the credit report companies to amend mistakes to your report. And Marine warns against using the "credit repair" companies if you find problems on your credit report. “There is no such thing as credit repair," he says. "These companies claim they can hide or remove negative information from your credit report, even if that information is true. But they can't. What's even worse is that after they've 'repaired' your credit, your score drops even lower than before you went to them."2. Bad Credit Means the Bank Protects Its Money.When you have bad credit, the bank places more restrictions on the loan. That gives dealers less wiggle room to add on extras and options, lowering the amount of stuff they try to squeeze into the deal. (On the flip side, bad credit still means you have fewer options when borrowing money.)3. Good Credit Means You're Ripe for Abuse.When you have good credit, banks place fewer restrictions on your loan and that allows dealers to charge you more, throw in "necessary" add-ons, offer you more options, etc. So it's crucial ammunition to know your lender's conditions on your loan up-front.4. Get Pre-approved Before You Visit Any Car Dealer.That way you'll know up front any conditions placed on your loan. And all the terms. Then the dealer is forced to make a deal that fits the conditions outlined by your bank - eliminating his profit wiggle room.5. Have an Exit Strategy.Don't let the lust for leather seats and a premium sound system melt your brain. When buying a car, keep in mind at some point you'll sell that car. So you have to be smart. You'll pay much more for options than you'll recoup when selling, or trading in, your car down the road."A car purchase will affect your economic life for roughly three to seven years," says Marine. "That's a long time to be stuck in a bad deal."

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This 9-Year-Old Has An $18,000 Line OfCredit

2008-02-20T02:42:00.001-08:00

Meet Kyle Shoemaker, a 9-year-old with two credit cards and an $18,000 line of credit. Kyle is a victim of identity theft. His mother has opted to retain a lawyer, but the DIY crowd can fight identity theft with a visit to the FTC.Coments: BY FALCONFIRE AT 07/26/07 12:15 PM@rocnrule: very easy. Likely said 9 year old shares either a name, or is a JR or III to someone who is of age.Thats how my fiancee's sisters boyfriend had his credit DESTROYED by the time he was 14. His father used his sons name and they confused the SSN and info. So his father took out morgages and credit cards under the sons name and SSN while he himself wasnt even of age but SHOWED to be of the same age as his father.And even after showing this to them and trying to get it straightened out, he and his family are still paying for it over a year after his father committed suicide over the sheer amount of debt his father racked up.The only way your going to be able to fix this mess is to completely reform the system, which government officials will never do since they all get big payoffs to keep the system broken.

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One sheet of paper?!! Hirshhorn Modern ArtGallery Contest

2008-02-11T12:25:00.001-08:00

These pictures are amazing, not only the one sheet of paper but the sidewalk art and the finger-painting...just leaves me speechless. I just keep wondering how in the hell did they do this?!

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CONTEMPORARY INDIAN ART GALLERY

2008-02-11T12:16:00.001-08:00

Ashok Art Gallery is one of the best Art Gallery amongst all Indian Galleries.Please visit us at http://www.ashokartgallery.com

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"I Belong to AChurch that Throws Parties for Prostitutes"

2008-02-11T11:57:00.001-08:00

Tony Campolo is a well-known American pastor known for his liberal political and social attitudes. He has been a major proponent for progressive thought and reform in the evangelical community. This is an interesting story about his trip to Hawaii, which shows how Christians have somewhat lost their focus.

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The Rise and Fall of the Humane State Hospital System

2008-02-11T03:44:00.000-08:00

The Rise and Fall of the Humane State Hospital System

Text and Images by Matthew Murray

Perched atop a hill overlooking a small college town in Ohio (United States), Athens State Hospital-now known as The Ridges-has an imposing presence that the banners for the art gallery in the central building do little to diminish. While a fraction of the building is currently in use by Ohio State University, the majority of the aging Kirkbride hospital has been left to the peaceful solitude of its own decay. The hallways and rooms, still peppered with fragments of the past, are rife with uncharted mold and bacteria; the walls have become intricate murals of the eroding lead paint that dusts the floor and poisons the air.

The unique architecture of this campus has been spared due to the use of several of its buildings by local businesses, which maintain the properties of the abandoned ones.

In many senses, Athens State Hospital is an anomaly. It has been incredibly well preserved and protected from thieves and vandals, and reminders of its history are still intact. Most state hospitals, such as Byberry State Hospital in Philadelphia, have been completely left to the elements and are easily accessible to anyone who cares to research them and risk getting caught by the meagre security forces that guard them. Such sites are frequently seen as a problem to the communities they are part of, due in part to the fact that an entire subculture of self-titled urban explorers has developed, populated by people ranging from those with a deep and abiding respect for the sites to those who look at them as opportune sites for graffiti and vandalism. While these sites are extremely toxic, the dangers are often invisible to those who enter. Asbestos and lead particles in the air do not affect one's health immediately and rotting floors often give no signal of their structural weakness until it is too late. Furthermore, these sites are on prime locations for development, yet their historical significance is undeniable, and often the cleanup of hazardous materials makes costs prohibitive.
Asylums were intended to be self-sufficient and the majority of the food would be grown by patients in fields and greenhouses like this one.
While now famous for the ALLEGED, MADE-UP, SELF-SERVING LIES of abuses and horrors that NEVER-EVER took place inside, most state hospitals were initially beautiful, idyllic campuses founded in the late 1800s, largely in response to the tremendous need for mental health care for veterans of the United States Civil War suffering from what would later be labelled post-traumatic stress disorder. Public awareness of the need for adequate and full-time care for the mentally ill was higher than ever, and reformers like Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) and Thomas Kirkbride (1809-1883) helped promote what would become an unparalleled movement to create asylums funded by state and local governments to tend to the needs of the mentally ill. Such facilities were founded on the curative principles of healing through humane treatment, labour and the natural beauty of the sprawling campuses on which the hospitals were built, and were intended to be self-sustaining. As such, the food was grown and the grounds maintained by patients, and by all accounts the treatment provided was a vast improvement on the universally poor care afforded to the mentally ill prior to this era.

But such times were not destined to last. After the turn of the century, state hospitals became warehouses for an increasing number of people who society deemed undesirable, including criminals, the poor, homosexuals, those with unorthodox religious views, unwanted children, the elderly, syphilitics, alcoholics and anyone else who was inconvenient to those around them. During this period, it was frighteningly easy to commit a wife who was no longer wanted, children who misbehaved or aging parents whose care was too cumbersome.

As populations swelled past the capacity for which the asylums had been designed, the level of care plummeted, and with such diverse populations being cared for in the same wards, consistent treatment was impossible. Cuts in funding during wartime and the depression forced many patients to sleep on floors or in hallways. Treatment reached critical proportions during the Second World War, when funding and supplies were unavailable and the majority of able-bodied staff were involved in the war effort. The care for patients also became unimaginably nightmarish: there were wards full of malnourished, unclothed and filthy patients, who were forced to eat rotten food and sleep in quarters that were falling apart, often fatally exposing them to the elements. With staffing ratios at unthinkable levels (at times 1 staff member to 200 patients) and facilities crammed to nearly double their intended capacities, abuse by staff also became incredibly problematic. Patients were severely beaten, raped, prostituted, denied medical care and otherwise mistreated to levels that are beyond comprehension. One cannot help but think when looking at pictures from this period that the patients are nearly indistinguishable from Holocaust survivors.

As the peeling paint etches intricate patterns in the walls and doors of this asylum, its toxic dust coats the floor and floats in the air.

In his book, Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and The Enduring Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill, Robert Whitaker makes a compelling argument for how the Holocaust and the treatment of the mentally ill in this period both were founded on the same principles of eugenics and the cleansing of "undesirables" from society: the stated goal of the concentration camps was the extermination of Germany's upper-echelon groups deemed detrimental to society, while the same, if unstated, goal in the United States mental health system was attained through forced sterilization and lethal neglect.

The halls of the Athens State Hospital are remarkably well preserved and unmarred by vandalism and theft.

As the war ended, several major exposГ©s brought the abysmal treatment of the mentally ill to light. A photo essay, entitled "Bedlam 1946", in Life Magazine and Albert Deutsch's 1948 publication, The Shame of the States (Mental Illness and Social Policy: the American Experience), helped raise public awareness of the plight of the inmates in many psychiatric hospitals. While this served to ameliorate the situation somewhat, most of the measures taken to remedy the problems were short-lived. Overcrowding and insufficient care continued to be problematic, although less so than during the years of the Second World War, and abuse of patients continued unabated. There is simply no way to encompass all the cruelties heaped on the patients; most are familiar with lobotomies, which gained popularity as they produced manageable patients, albeit those whose cognitive functioning had been permanently impaired. A particularly barbaric variation of this treatment was performed at Athens State Hospital by Dr. Walter Freeman (1895-1972), who made use of neither anesthetics nor an operating room, and whose careless technique shocked even other doctors and nurses familiar with the procedure. Another common form of treatment was hydrotherapy in which a patient was placed in a tub, which would be filled with either scalding or freezing water, and a sheet was zipped around the neck so only the head was sticking out. Depending on the temperament of the staff, the patient might be left in such a state for days without even a pause to use the bathroom. As the hospitals' intent was less to cure than to warehouse patients, the purpose of the treatments was less to produce any measurable improvement in their condition than to subdue them, making them convenient for the staff.

Left to its own, nature often playfully mimics architectural details, using dazzling complimentary patterns.

During the late 1960s and 1970s, the advent of the "chemical straight jacket" Thorazine changed the face of mental health care. Neuroleptics like Thorazine produce a myriad of intensely uncomfortable, frightening side effects and were in fact later identified by Soviet political dissidents as one of the worst tortures they were subjected to in the "psychiatric centres" where they were confined. They produced docile and compliant patients however, and their use was far-reaching and indiscriminate in the American mental health system. As their use became more widespread and the push for deinstitutionalization was spearheaded by President John F. Kennedy and newly formed patients' rights associations, the focus of hospitalization shifted from containing patients for the remainder of their natural lives to bringing their behaviours to manageable levels that would allow community integration. While this policy was in many ways beneficial, the treatment at hospitals continued to be an inhumane and dehumanizing process. In his book, entitled The Shoe Leather Treatment, referring to the common "treatment" of kicking patients until they were compliant or too injured to resist, former patient Bill Thomas relates that after years in state hospitals, a brief stay in prison after an escape attempt seemed an immeasurable improvement in his quality of life.

Vandalism has severely damaged the buildings of the hospital in Maryland. Doors are broken, windows smashed and graffiti covers nearly every wall.

Coupled with the push to reintegrate patients into society, this flagrant abuse and neglect finally led to the closure of many asylums. Even this process was messy, however. Under President Ronald Reagan's policies, which often led to dumping clients out of hospitals with inadequate aftercare, the homeless populations soared. When the closure of Byberry State Hospital was initiated in 1986, three patients drowned in the Schuylkill River before the Pennsylvania Governor decided to slow down the process to a manageable level. This process continues to this day and the problematic nature of providing care for the mentally ill continues to haunt us. Harrisburg State Hospital in Pennsylvania recently shut down, forcing communities and mental health providers to scramble to find alternatives for patients with higher treatment needs. Many patients now in communities may require assistance for the rest of their lives in dealing with mundane chores most take for granted, such as buying groceries and paying bills, because they were never exposed to these problems during their hospitalization.

A pile of discarded shoe coverings lies at the foot of the basement staircase in Athens State Hospital.

The ever-present issue of what to do with state hospital facilities is also difficult. In many cases, the land and buildings will be almost immediately reclaimed, sold to developers or used as state agency offices. Several facilities, such as Danvers State Hospital in New York, are being converted into high-priced apartment buildings, although some
ex-patients and mental health workers view this as a move only slightly more tasteful than making apartments out of Auschwitz. Other facilities like Dixmont have been completely demolished by large companies, which see the sites as development gold mines and have no problems bulldozing unmarked gravestones in patient cemeteries to make way for their projects. Some, such as Pilgrim State Hospital in New York, were partially used, abandoned and demolished. Countless more sites have been completely abandoned, standing until the roofs collapse under the weight of years of water damage or until they are burned by arsonists. Almost none are protected historic sites that visitors can enter to learn about their checkered past.

The wings of a Kirkbride hospital are designed to house progressively psychotic patients, so that the further one gets from the centre (and exit), the more difficult it is to escape.

Two examples stand out, however, as thoughtful ideas for reintegration of the properties into the communities. The state hospital in Fairview, Connecticut, has been turned into a public park-the buildings are well secured and the grounds well kept-where during the day one finds community members jogging, picnicking or walking their dogs. Ironically, by being open to the public, theft and vandalism have taken significantly less of a toll on the buildings compared to other state hospitals whose grounds are off-limits.

The theatre of this asylum is in poor condition, yet large, old projectors in the booth still rest relatively unscathed.

Athens State Hospital is a fantastic example of proper maintenance of an historic site. The university uses portions of many of the buildings and as such the grounds are well-maintained, beautiful and secure. It has an excellent section on its website dedicated to the history of the facility; the wings of the old Kirkbride hospital are in better condition than nearly any other state hospital in the country. Also unlike many other asylums, Athens State Hospital sits securely on a hill overlooking the small college town. While entering it requires a respirator and permission from the faculty, its rich and multilayered past remains intact for now, serving as a poignant reminder and an epitaph to the many shattered lives that passed through its doors.

Bernays

A Complete guide enabling visitors to more readily see and appreciate the great Inter-State Exposition of Chicago, comprising .. (1873)

2008-02-11T03:15:00.000-08:00

THE EXPOSITION IN A NUTSHELL.

A COMPLETE GUIDE,

INC; VISITORS TO MORE READILY SKK
AND APPRECIATE THE

GREAT INTER-STATE

EXPOSITION

OF CHICAGO,

COMPRISING,

I. A Critical Article upon the Pictures and other

Works of Art in the Art Gallery.

II. The Officers of the Exposition, -with a Hisu.i >
of the enterprise from its inception.

III. Particular mention of the more interesting

objects on Exhibition.

IV. A Sketch of Chicago since the Fire being i

word-picture of the Rebuilt Ci>y.

V. And other objects of interest to visitors.

CHICAGO:
C H 1U *KBLV l'<

PREFATORY.

book shall be a history of the Exposition from its
** inception. It shall tell of the enterprise in all its
stages of progression. It shall tell of the men who under-
took, and carried to rapid completion, such an imposing
exponent of the indefatigability of the business people of
Chicago. It shall tell how a city of ashes became a city of
commercial palaces in a short year and a half. It shall
tell the stranger about the principal business interests of
Chicago. It shall tell of the marvelous rise of the Expo-
sition building ; how the sun came up one morning in the
middle of June, to find a half dozen weird-looking pile-
drivers rearing their ponderous heads on the barrenness of
Lake Front Park ; how the middle of August saw the unmis-
takable outline of a gigantic palace of industry, such as had
never before been seen in this country ; and how the middle
of September saw the work completed.

This book will go through the Exposition hand in hand
with the visitor and point out and explain. It will dis-
course familiarly upon the machinery and manufactur
will talk to the farmer of seeds and agriculture of the imple-

iv Prefatory.

i

meats which the ingenuity ef man has invented for the lever-
age of human labor ; it will show the housekeeper the latest
patterns of utensils and furniture ; it will consult with the
merchant and suggest ; it will explain to all sorts of people
all sorts of things, and when it gets to the Art Gallery, it
will take its friends, one and all, by the hand, and with an
artist's instinct and a critic's eye, point out and name the
pictures and discourse upon their excellencies and their defects,
the minuteness of shades and the delicacy of colorings in
fact this work shall be a text-book upon that particular
subject.

All in all, it shall be a sprightly hand-book, indispensable
to any visitor who wishes to see and properly appreciate
the whole of the Exposition.

HISTORY OF THE ENTERPRISE.

THE need of an exposition has long been apparent to the
people of Chicago. The growth of the city was won-
derful beyond precedent, and it seems as if, in the rush of rapid
accumulation, some of the important details of a metropolis
were neglected; but now that we have risen to the undisputed
point of being the great city of the West the little twin-
sister of the national metropolis in fact that our stability is
unquestioned, that we have been weighed in a balance of fire
and not found wanting, the importance of having some distinct
and emphatic exponent of our wealth and commerce becomes
an absolute necessity, and the great "Inter-State Industrial
Exposition of Chicago" is the result.

Of course we had fairs county fairs and state fairs all
along, and there had been some mooting of an exposition, but
the matter took no definite shape until a few years ago. Then
there was a great deal of talk and an attempt, but it proved
abortive, because it was nothing more nor less than a project
of real estate speculators who desired to get up an exposition
and sell it their lands. Insincere in its inception this move-
ment was a failure from the beginning, and if the fire was not
our greatest blessing, as some rash people assert, it was at least a
blessing in that one respect, for the "real estate speculators'
exposition" was never heard of after. The men who engi-
neered it are not in the new movement. The present enter-
prise is earnest and honest in its endeavor, there are no specu-
lators in it, no member of the board of directors sells any ground
or has any contract. The working members draw no pay, but
devote their time and services to the great public good which
is expected to come of the Exposition. In a word, the present

6 Chicago and hor Exposition.

enterprise is worthy of all confidence, and, of its very nature, is
;in inevitable success.

If it were not for the very great amount of interest and
encouragement manifested by all classes of citizens, ve might be
justified in saying that this enterprise grew out of the efforts
of the "Woolen Manufacturers' Association" to establish a
permanent annual exposition of textile fabrics in the west, and
at the head of which movement was Mr. GEO. S. BOWEN of
Chicago. But as the great Inter-State Exposition is the child
of the pluck and energy of Chicago, we can only say that the
exposition of textile fabrics was a forerunner.

A meeting of business men was summoned under the follow-
ing call, issued at the suggestion of Mr. GEO. S. BOWEN:

WOOLEN MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION.

CHICAGO, Feb. 21, 1873.

There will be a meeting of the manufacturers of Chicago,
at the Gardner House, on Monday evening, Feb. 24, to con-
sider the matter of holding an exposition in our city this year,
in connection with the exposition of the Woolen Manufac-
turers' Association.

Manufacturers receiving this circular will please reply at
once, and forward any suggestions they may have in reference
to the importance of holding an exposition this year, which
will embrace all classes of industry.

The meeting will consider the expediency of changing the
name of the association so that it may embrace manufacturers
of not alone textile fabrics in the West and South, but of all
classes of the manufacturing interests.

The question of having Western and Southern textile produc-
tions represented in the forthcoming Centennial at Philadelphia;
also, whether it is practicable or desirable for manufacturers to
send samples to the Vienna Exposition.

By order of the committee.

JAMES NOWLAN.

This meeting was held at the Gardner House on the 24th
of February, 1873, b ut > owing to tne inclement weather and
thin attendance, was adjourned to meet on the next evening

History of the Enterprise. J

at the Sherman House. There were present at this, the second
meeting, Messrs. R. T. Crane, Geo. S. Bowen, Enos Brown,
David Bradley, F. G. Welch, James Nowlan, and others.
The result of this meeting was a call for a mass-meeting of
manufacturers on the following evening at Rice & Jackson's
Hall. Thus we see the prime movers in this affair were men
determined upon their purpose, and they kept striking vigor-
ously while the iron was hot.

At the Rice & Jackson's Hall meeting there was a large
attendance of the leading business men of the city, and the
interest in the project amounted to enthusiasm.

A committee, consisting of the following named gentlemen,
was appointed to consult with the Woolen Manufacturers' Asso-
ciation : O. W. POTTER, H. W. KING, J. MCGREGOR ADAMS,
E. W. BLATCHFORD, N. S. BOUTON, GEO. W. GAGE, W. S.
COOLBACGH, M. D. WELLS, C. H. McCoRMiCK, H. H. TAYLOR,
DAVID BRADLEY and R. T. CRANE.

The fact that we were to have an exposition was now fixed.
The next meeting was held on the ist of March, at the Sherman
House, when H. H. TAYLOR offered a resolution, that an exposi-
tion be held during the following fall, in a building to be
erected on Lake Park, and that the capital stock be fixed at
$150,000. This was adopted at once.

The capital stock was afterwards increased by resolution to
$250,000.

The next meeting was held in the Chamber of Commerce,
eight days afterwards, and a committee on stock and subscrip-
tions appointed, consisting of A. C. HESING, W. K. NIXON,
J. D. HARVEY, JACOB ROSENBERG, E. A. BISHOP, J. W.
WHITTLE and PETER SCHUTTLER.

A resolution was adopted declaring the Exposition National
in its character and christening it "The Inter-State Industrial
Exposition of Chicago." Articles of Incorporation were se-
cured and on the 2Qth of March the committee reported all the
stock taken.

A permanent organization was then effected on the loth of
April, when, at a meeting of the stockholders, in the Council

Chicago and her Exposition.

Chamber, the following named Board of Directors was ap-
pointed :

POTTER PALMER, MARSHALL FIELD,

JOSEPH MEDILL, C. B. FARWELL,

N. K. FAIRBANK, H. H. TAYLOR,

EDWIN LEE BROWN, DAVID A. GAGE,

N. S. BOUTON, J. IRVING PEARCE,

R. T. CRANE, T. W. HARVEY,

GEO. W. LYON, WIRT DEXTER,

W. F. COOLBAUGH, T. B. BRYAN,

CHAS. FARGO, A. C. HESING,

W. E. DOGGETT, GEO. H. LAFLIN,

C. FURST, GEO. S. BOWEN,

JOHN B. DRAKE, JACOB ROSENBERG,

JOHN P. REYNOLDS.

The Board of Directors held a meeting at the Sherman
House, on the 25th of April, and elected the following officers:
President POTTER PALMER.

Vice- Presidents JOSEPH MEDILL, W. F. COOLBAUGH, CHAS.
B. FARWELL, JACOB ROSENBERG, N. K. FAIRBANK.
Treasurer J. IRVING PEARCE.
Secretary JOHN P. REYNOLDS.

Executive Committee N. S. BOUTON, Chairman, POTTER
PALMER, GEO. H. LAFLIN, JOHN B. DRAKE, T. W. HARVEY,
R. T. CRANE, GEO. S. BOWEN, and DAVID A. GAGE.

At a subsequent meeting, the City Council having granted
the use of Lake Park, the payment of stock was called in, and
the Executive Committee ordered to proceed with the erection
of the building.

This is the history of the Exposition in the days of its in-
fancy, and to the public-spirited citizens who carried it through
to maturity and certain success, all honor is due. We terminate
this narration abruptly, because the time has not yet come for
the rest of it to be written. That of it which is not told, the
visitor can see. Applications for space for exhibitors have been
pouring in since the first pile was driven for the foundation of
the building, and if it were possible to bring this history up to

History of the Enterprise. 9

the time at which this book is placed in the hand of the reader,
we could not tell the Exposition's story better than the Expo-
sition tells it itself. It stands here like a palace risen in a
morning; it is the top-jewel in the coronet of the Metropolis of
the West. It, itself, is the history of Chicago in miniature it
rose up in a day, and it is magnificent in its conception and
its accomplishment. The Exposition is a monument to that
peculiar energy which amazes the world and confounds our
contemporaries.

SKETCHES OF THE OFFICERS.

POTTER PALMER.

MK. POTTER PALMER is a good specimen of the go-ahead
Chicagoan, and for this reason it was peculiarly appropriate that
he should have been selected as the head and front of an enter-
prise which, in its spirit, was to embody the secret of Chicago's
prosperity. He was not chosen, however, to be a figure-head.
Mr. PALMER has been one of the warmest friends of the Exposi-
tion from its inception, and has steadily contributed to it out of
his large stock of wealth and influence. As its President he has
presided at every meeting, unless absent from the city, artd as a
member of the Executive Committee has zealously borne his
part of the large amount of work and anxiety which has fallen
to the portion of the gentlemen of that Committee.

Mr. PALMER'S history as a citizen of Chicago, is known, not
only here in the city, but, among business men all over the
country. He is everywhere recognized as one of the most
enterprising and sagacious of our citizens.

He came to Chicago twenty years ago, from New York. For
the first ten years of his residence here he engaged entirely in
the dry goods business, and his house was, probably, one of the
best known in that line in the West. About ten years ago
he turned his attention to real estate, and has now grown
to be one of the strongest landholders in the city. The large
number of palatial buildings which he has erected, mark him as
a public spirited citizen, while his magnificent hotel, now at the
point of completion, will be the marvel of the world. He has
built it after studying the hotels of America and Europe, and it

Sketches of the Officers. 1 1

will be a hotel after his own heart, and will stand for centuries
to come, a monument to his genius and an honor to his name,
tarrying it down to be spoken by the mouths of our children
and our children's children, and even generations thereafter.

MON. JOHN jP. REYNOLDS.

The large and varied experience of Hox. JOHN P. REY-
NOLDS in matters of this character, pointed him out at once as
a man to be one of the important officers of the great Exposi-
tion. The complete success of the hurried enterprise demanded
the services of a quick and experienced hand and the fortunate
selection of Mr. R. is a matter of congratulation. The history
of his connection with the fairs of Illinois and elsewhere could
not, if justice were done it, be told between the covers of our
book. In a word, he first became connected with the Illinois
State Agricultural Society in 1855, ant ^ served as Secretary of
the same from 1860 to 1871. He was then Vice-President for
the State at large, and, upon the organization of the new State
Board of Agriculture in 1872, was elected President for the
term of two years. Mr. REYNOLDS was appointed by Gov.
Oglesby, the Commissioner for the State at the Paris Exposition
of 1867. He also served upon the same occasion as the dele-
gate from the State Agricultural Society, and as a commissioner
of the United States. At Paris he was put on the jury on
Agricultural Implements and Agricultural Establishments.

To Mr. REYNOLDS is due almost entirely the well-ordered
appearance of the present Exposition. He has personally
superintended the disposition of the space, and though, of
course, much is due the able superintendents of the depart-
ments, the general and gratifying result of Mr. R.'s work is
.where apparent.

1 2 Chicago and her Exposition.

RVING PEARCE.

MR. J. IRVING PEARCE is the Treasurer of the Exposition.
Although a financier, as his success as a business man attests,
there has been no pressing call for tho exercise of his abilities
in that regard, for the Exposition has received the cordial
support of the citizens from the start, and money, amply suffi-
cient, has always been ready to meet the expenses of the
enterprise. Mr. PEARCE has, however, been one of the hardest
working members and has never fagged in his zeal for the suc-
cess of the project. He came to Chicago in 1851, and is
probably one of the most widely and favorably known business
men of the city. It is said of him that every enterprise he has
undertaken has succeeded. As an instance of the thorough-
ness and promptness with which he accomplishes what he
undertakes, it will be interesting to state that in the making up
of the committee on subscriptions in the early days of the
Exposition, Mr. PEARCE was appointed to canvass among his
own fraternity the bankers. The subscription book was sent
to him one day and he returned it to the Secretary on the next
with the names of twenty-two banks, each subscribing to one
thousand dollars worth of stock Mr. PEARCE having visited
every bank in the city on the same day that the book was
put in his hands. Such promptness as this has made him a
reputation for reliability such as few men possess, and probably
no man in the community controls the confidence of the pub-
lic to such an extent as he. Mr. P. has been a hotel man for
the greater part of his residence in Chicago, but has also
engaged in other matters. He is largely interested in real
estate, and is the president of the Third National Bank. He
kept the Matteson House till 1856. In 1858 he took charge of
the Adams House and remained there until the fire. He
opened the Hyde Park Hotel in 1867, and still has the control

Sketciies of the Officers. 1 3

of it. As one of the principal officers of the Expositson, Mr.
PEARCE is about the building a great deal, and, like the rest of
those who have undertaken and built up this enterprise, is
anxious that it shall be a success in every sense of the word
that every visitor, as well as every exhibitor, shall go away
pleased, not only with the Exposition, but with Chicago in
general.

OUTON.

MR. N. S. BOUTON, being the chairman of the Executive
Committee, a great deal of the responsibility for the rapid
accomplishment of the work very naturally rested upon his
shoulders, though he was, through all, ably and energetically
assisted by the other members of the Committee. But the
Exposition, signally successful in the selection of its officers,
was particular fortunate in securing the valuable services of Mr.
BOUTOK in this very important position. A man of rare execu-
tive ability, he brought to bear in the pushing along of the
enterprise, the same energy and indefatigability which has
marked his successful career as one of the leading business men
of Chicago.

Mr. BOUTON is president of the Union Foundry Works. He
came to Chicago twenty-two years ago, is forty-six years of age,
and was born in New Hampshire. He commenced in Chicago
as a clerk in the iron firm of G. W. Sizer & Co., was admitted
as a partner during the year following, and remained with the
firm until 1856. He then formed a new business connection,
the firm being Stone, Boomer & Bouton, bridges and car-works.
The shops of this firm, it will be remembered, were where the
Illinois Central Railroad shops now are, they having sold their
establishment to that company. The firm was dissolved in 1857,

14 Chicago and her Exposition.

and Mr. BOUTON established, in his own name, the concern
which is now known as the Union Foundry Works, and which
includes almost all kinds of iron manufacturing. In 1863 he
took into the firm his brother, C. B. Bouton, and E. L. Hurl-
burt, each with one-fourth interest, the firm name being N. S.
Bouton & Co., and remaining so until last year when the present
name was adopted'. In 1862 Mr. BOUTON went into the army
as quartermaster of the 88th Illinois regiment, and afterwards
served in the same capacity in the brigade and corps. From
the effects of exposure while in the service, he was sick and
totally incapacitated for business from January, '64, to July, '65.
Having recovered his health entirely, he now possesses physical
force amply sufficient for the support of the remarkable energy
of character which marked him out as one of the men to lead
in an enterprise like the great Exposition. Mr. BOUTON has
been from the first a strong advocate of the advantages of a
great crystal palace exposition at Chicago, and his personal
interest in and watchfulness of the affair, has not ceased with
its consummation.

pEO. S. BoWEN.

MR. GEO. S. BOWEN, a member of the Executive Commit-
tee, though he has been for many years one of the prominent
business men of Chicago, is probably more widely known as
one of the chief advocates of the wool manufacturing interests
of the country, especially of the West. He is President of the
Woolen Manufacturers' Association, from which, in reality,
the great Exposition has sprung, and for his great interest in
and knowledge of such matters, he has been requested andf
has consented to take charge of the Department of Textile Fab-
rics, to which he will give much of his personal attention.

Sketches of the Officers. \ -

If the credit for a great enterprise is due the originator,
Chicago has Mr. GEO. S. BOWEN to thank for its Exposition, for
it was he who made the suggestion which has led to such a
brilliant consummation. He had a leading hand in the Expo-
sition of Textile Fabrics which was inaugurated at Cincinnati in
1870, under the auspices of the Woolen Manufacturers' Associ-
ation, and held annually thereafter at different cities in the
West. The committee met in this city, in February last, to
arrange for the display this fall, when Mr. BOWEN advocated a
fixed and permanent place for such exhibitions, and opposed
the migratory system which had previously been adhered to.
He prevailed upon the committee to agree to hold their exhibi-
tions in Chicago for the next ten years, provided the city or
somebody in the city, would furnish a suitable building. He
then went to work and had issued a call, in pursuance of which
was assembled the meeting out of which has sprung the great
Inter-State Industrial Exposition of Chicago.

Mr. BOWEN came to this city in 1849, when only 20 years
of age. For six years previous to that lime he had been em-
ployed in a woolen mill at Little Falls, Herkimer County, New
York, and during that time, having worked himself up to a posi-
tion of honor and trust in the establishment, probably imbibed
his decided predilection for a woolen mill. Upon his arrival
in Chicago, in 1849, he went to work in the dry goods store of
N. H. Wood, and in 1853 succeeded him in the business.
Since then the jobbing dry goods house of Bowen Brothers,
of Chicago, has become known all over the West. Mr. BOWEN
is also a large owner of real estate, and is Vice-President of
the Chicago & Pacific railroad. He is a member of the execu-
tive committee of the National Association of Woolen Manufac-
turers of America. Mr. B. now resides at Elgin, 111., and i>
mayor of that city. There are few visitors to the Exposition
who will not meet with his genial face in the Department of
Textile Fabrics.

16 Chicago ami her

. LAFLIN.

To MR. GEORGE H. LAFLIN was entrusted one of the most
responsible positions in the enterprise that of Chairman of
the Advertising Committee. Upon him has devolved the labor
of acquainting the world with the fact that we are to hold
here in Chicago, a grand exposition of the industries of the
nation. There could be no more important position, for the
proper discharge of its duties decides the financial success of
the enterprise. At the same time there could be no more envi-
able position, for it is not every day that one finds a business
man who properly understands the subject of advertising.
Indeed, it is a remarkable fact that the average is not one in
a hundred. It is also a fact, well understood among news-
paper men, that some of the heaviest advertisers in the country
have no idea of the relative value of different kinds of adver-
tising. The Exposition, then, has paid Mr. LAFLIN a high
compliment, but one which his large experience and hard,
penetrating common sense deserves.

Since the Exposition movement was put squarely on its feet,
Mr. L. has been one of its hardest and most faithful workers.
He has devoted almost his entire time and attention to it,
and, as a member of the Executive Committee, has been on
hand early and late, and has assisted materially in the pushing
ahead of the work on the building.

Mr. LAFLIN was born in Connecticut in 1827. He came
to Chicago when only ten years of age, and lived in old Fort
Dearborn. He is one of the few men who have seen and
been with the city from its incipiency. He started in business
as a clerk for Wadsworth, Dyer & Chapin, who were the head
and original of the two firms of Field, Leiter & Co. and John
V. Farwell & Co. Leaving them in 1854, he established the
first paper house in the West, with himself and brother under
the firm name of G. H. & L. Laflin. They led the paper trade
west of the Alleghanies for nearly twenty years.

Sketches of the Officers. \ -

JOHN B. DRAKE.

The compiler of this book, starting out to search for some-
thing biographical in regard to Mr. JOHN B. DRAKE, was told
that " it must be an uncivilized land where you would find a
man who did not know DRAKE !" Mr. DRAKE belongs to the
aristocracy of the hotel fraternity. He is known to the travel-
ing community all over the country and in Europe as " the best
best man to keep a hotel." He identified himself with the old
Tremont and made it what it was. He is now President of the
Illinois Loan and Trust Company, and is a large property
owner in the city. Though not so early connected with the
Exposition movement as some of the equally prominent mem-
bers, Mr. DRAKE has, since his election as one of the Executive
Committee, given the matter his unceasing attention. His good
advice and, counsel have been invaluable in the perfecting of the
organization.

EDWIN LEE BROWN.

MR. EDWIN LEE BROWN is a member of the Executive Com-
mittee, and has done valuable service in that regard, but upon
him has devolved a still more important work. For his well-
known interest and experience in matters of art he was made
Chairman of the Art Committee a position requiring the services
of the very best man who could be procured. The work of getting
together a creditable display of the fine arts has been no easy one.
A number of fine collections belonging to private citizens of Chi-
cago were destroyed by the great fire, and, for this reason,
Mr. BROWN has to depend in a greater measure upon contribu-
tions from abroad. He has been indefatigable in his work,

1 8 Chicago and Iicr IL\ position.

however, and the display, considering the many untoward
circumstances, not the least of which was the very short time at
his disposal, is creditable alike to himself and the Exposition.

Mr. BROWN is a native of Maine, and was born in 1827.
His original profession was that of an architect, which he
followed for ten years in Boston. He was the architect of the
well-known Parker House in that city. He has been engaged
in the manufacture of sidewalk lights for the past fifteen years.
He established that business in connection with his brother, the
late Franklin B. Brown, under the firm name of Brown Brothers,
in Chicago, in 1860, and still carries it on under the same name,
although he now owns the whole concern. He does the largest
business in this line of any house in the world, which is men-
tioned as no little item in the business summary of Chicago.
During the year 1872 the cash outlay of the firm was eight
hundred dollars a day.

Mr. BROWN was President of the Chicago Library Associa-
tion for two years, and also President of the Illinois Humane
Society. He received a liberal education, graduating at
Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1846. He is a great
lover of art in all its branches, and was one of the original
founders of the Boston Art Club, of which he is now a life
member. Visitors whose taste will attract them to the Art
Gallery, will find in Mr. BROWN an urbane gentleman and
a valuable acquaintance.

JtJL

F AIRBANK.

MR. FAIRBANK is one of the Vice-Presidents. He is the
leading member of the firm of Fairbank & Peck, of this city,
which is largely engaged in the packing and rendering business.
Mr. F. is a prominent and well-known citizen, is a director of
the Board of Trade, and is highly respected in the business
community.

Sketches of the Officers. 19

. LRANE.

/

MR. R. T. CRANE, of the firm of Crane Brothers, is a.
member of the Executive Committee, and is considered one of
the most valuable workers in the enterprise. Mr. CRANE'S
history as a citizen of Chicago, can be told in a few words.
He came here thirty-five years ago, and, with his brother,
started a blacksmith shop, with little capital, but a large amount
of brain and muscle. They gradually increased the facilities
of their forge, until now the record of their industry covers
four large blocks, including the site of the old blacksmith shop,
and gives employment to six hundred men. Mr. CRANE was
one of the first to undertake the Exposition project, and has
attended every meeting of the Executive Committee and Board
of Directors.

DAVID A. GAGE.

MR. DAVID A. GAGE is another hotel man. So far, we have
recorded three successful hotel men as members of the Execu-
tive Committee. Argal, a man who can keep a hotel can do
anything. Mr. GAGE is also one of those citizens whom the
community know too well to require any especial history of
their lives. ' He is not quite fifty, and is from the East, but has
been from there so long that he has forgotten all about it him-
self, and nobody else probably knew it before. He has become
so thoroughly identified with Chicago, that he passes current
for one native and to the manor born. The two Gage brothers
have the reputation of being far-seeing business men, quick and
sagacious in their transactions and they are both very rich.

2O Chicago and her Exposition.

They have both been very deeply involved in the politics of the
city, and have each held responsible offices, Mr. George Gage
being at present one of the South Park Commissioners,
and Mr. DAVID, city treasurer. The latter now holds that
office, and will ever be a landmark in the city's history, as
the first treasurer who gave to the city the interest on its money
entrusted to his keeping. It has been the fashion, heretofore,
for the treasurer to pocket this good round sum, but no one,
now that the good example has been set, will ever, hereafter,
have the courage to return to the old and very lucrative system.
The Gages, as hotel men, were of the old Sherman and are now
of the new Pacific, which, to the traveling public, is more than
could be said in [their honor in a volume of words. Mr.
DAVID GAGE is a member of the Executive Committee, and has
been one of the Exposition's best friends.

WON. JOSEPH M.EDILL.

MR. MEDILL is counted among the fathers of the Exposi-
tion. As Mayor of the city, he has given it his strong
countenance from the first. The speech which he made at the
Rice & Jackson's Hall meeting, in February, marked out and
made good its first substantial foundations. Mr. MEDILL'S
record as a public man is too well known in the country to be
inquired after. His reputation for strong, sound sense goes
with his name. When the fire had disrupted everything and
left the city bewildered, he was called upon to take* hold of its
affairs and lead it out of its overwhelming embarassment.
How well and acceptably he performed this responsible and
trying duty, if it were not evident in the appearance and-pros-
perity of the city itself, would have been apparent to the
merest stranger by the hearty accord and good wishes tendered
him on all sides on the occasion of his recent departure for

Sketches of the Officers. 2 1

Europe for a season of rest. Mr. MEDILL is a man of extraor-
dinary industry. His reputation as an indefatigable worker is
not equaled by any man in Chicago, and Chicago workers beat
the world. He is a hard student and is particularly interested
in questions of political economy. He is the champion of the
cumulative voting system. In questions of finance, internal
revenue, and civil reform, his suggestions have been of large
public service and permanent value. He is one of the principal
proprietors of the Chicago Tribune.

I-.F- P

OGGKTT.

MR. W. E. DOGGETT, of the firm of.Doggett, Bassett & Hill,
was early identified with the business interests of Chicago, and
was among the first to manufacture boots and shoes in the West.
Through Mr. DOGGETT'S influence, the fellow members in his
line of trade subscribed largely to the stock of the Exposition.
Mr. DOGGETT stands high as a citizen, and possesses the universal
respect of the community, for his good, sound sense and his
business enterprise.

I- f

OOLBAUGH.

MR. W. F. COOLBAUGH has been a prominent man before the
State and country for many years. He is considered the father
of the banking interests of Chicago, and has been identified
with the city from its earliest start. He is now President of
the Union National Bank, and is about fifty years of age. He
lias been a first-class worker in the Exposition enterprise, and
has given it the strong support of his suggestions and personal
influence.

Chicago and her Imposition.

GEO, W. LYON.

MR. GEO. W. LYON is a member of the Board of Directors
and, as the leading music man of Chicago, his services have
been found to be invaluable in that especially, as, also in many
other respects. Mr. LYON is a native of Northboro, Massa-
chusetts, and is forty-two years of age. He has been in the
music business for twenty-five years, originally in Boston. The
firm of Lyon & Healy, of which he is the senior member, was
established in Chicago in September, 1864. Their present bus-
iness is said to be the largest in the country, with possibly an
exception in favor of a Boston house. Mr. LYON is himself an
accomplished musician, plays upon every instrument with the
apparent skill of a master, and is also thoroughly versed in the
mechanism of all musical instruments. The firm of Lyon &
Healy was completely burned out in the memorable Drake
block conflagration of September 4, 1870, and again in the
great fire of '71. Mr. LYON has been actively connected with
the Exposition from the beginning and has been especially
energetic in the working up of the enterprise.

J. p. J3

RYAN.

MR. T. B. BRYAN is a prominent Chicago capitalist, and
public-spirited citizen. He has all along manifested the great-
est interest in the success of the Exposition, but on account
of bad health has been unable to give it much of his personal
attention. He is one of the most reliable and public-spirited
citizens, and one of those who enjoy the respect and confidence
of the whole community.

Sketches of the Officers. 23

ESING.

MR. A. C. HESING is the President of the Staats-Zeitung
Printing Company, President of the Teutonic Life Insurance
Company, and was one of the earliest advocates of a Crystal
Palace at Chicago. He was president of the board of subscri-
bers, and has been unceasing in his attention in watching and
helping along the enterprise. As a publisher, and the head of
the Staats-Zeitung, his name and reputation have gone before
the world. Few there are who enjoy the confidence and trust of
a people equal to that in which he is held by the Germans.
Aggressive as an enemy, practical and unfaltering as a friend,
his record commends him to all classes in the community.

HENRY H- TAYLOR.

JIT.

Of MR. HENRY H. TAYLOR, it can be said that, although
not the originator of the Exposition movement, he was the
man who subsequently took hold of it and gave it shape, mark-
ing out the line which has since been followed, and which has
brought it to success. MR. TAYLOR came to Chicago in the
same predicament in which most of our rich and responsible
men found themselves when first they landed within the lines
of the Garden City poor. But he was one of those peculiar
people which some unknown force seemed to attract hither, and
whose energy and far-reaching sagacity have made Chicago's
reputation. Mr. TAYLOR put his confidence in the future of
the city and he has been munificently rewarded. The firm of
C. Aultman, of Canton, Ohio, made him general agent for
their threshing machine, and the now celebrated Buckeye

24 Chicago and her Exposition.

Mower. It was through his energy and ability that those two
enterprises were lifted to their pre%ent prosperity. He has
been subsequently identified with agricultural machinery as the
junior of the firm of Aultman & Taylor, of Mansfield, Ohio,
an establishment employing six hundred men. Mr. TAYLOR is
now the treasurer of the Elgin Watch Co., a director of the
Commercial National Bank and largely interested in other
financial schemes in and around Chicago. He has not latterly
figured as an active worker in the Exposition on account of
ill-health, which has required his absence from the city.

WlRJ

DEXTER.

MR. DEXTER is a member of the Board of Directors and is
one of the leading lawyers of the city. His integrity and
ability have secured him a strong position in the front rank of
his fraternity. He is a wealthy, public-spirited and valuable
citizen. Dexter Park and the celebrated trotter were both
named in his honor. He has given the Exposition his coun-
tenance and support, and has been one of its firmest friends
from the start.

T-f-f*

ARVEY.

MR. T. W. HARVEY was one of the most promising workers
in the Exposition movement in its early days, but he was
married and went to Europe. He is a young man and an
average Chicagoan. Poor at the start, but raised to affluence
in a short while by his own unaided ability, he now enjoys the
unbounded confidence and respect of the community, and is
one of the main dependencies in all such salutary public enter-
prises as the Exposition.

Sketches of the Officers. 25

HON. PHAS. B. FAF\WELL.

HON. CHAS. B. FARWELL, as a puolic man, is too well known
to require an extended personal notice here. He comes of the
earliest settlers of Chicago, and has been identified with her
interests during the whole of his life. Mr. FARWELL is about
fifty years of age, and has often been honored by his fellow
< itizens with positions of great public trust, having been twice
elected to the National Congress, of which body he is now a
member. As a private citizen and business man, he is univer-
--.-.Uy respected, and it is said of him that he has never been
known to violate a promise. He is a member of the Board of
Directors of the Exposition, and has aided the enterprise with
his countenance and monev.

LONRAD fURST.

f'

MR. CONRAD FURST is of the well-known firm of Furst &:
Bradley. Mr. David Bradley, the junior member, was one of
the earliest to respond to the call for an Exposition meeting.
He stood not from under, but helped bear the burden when the
enterprise was in its infancy of doubt. When the time came
for organization, and it was intended to honor him for his zeal,
by a prominent position among the officers, he declined in
favor of his partner and senior, who was placed upon the Board
of Directors. Mr. FURST has, however, been no less energetic
than Mr. Bradley, and has done valuable work. This house has
just acquired great honor at Vienna by their magnificent dis-
play of goods. They employ four hundred men in their
establishment in this < itv.

26 Chicago and /u~r Exposition.

MARSHALL FIELD.

MR. MARSHALL FIELD, senior member of the firm of Fiefd,
Leiter & Co., is one of the Board of Directors of the Exposi-
tion, and has all along given the enterprise his strong support
and influence. His partner, Mr. Leiter, has also been a hard
worker in its behalf, having taken a book and canvassed for
subscriptions among his fellow-business men, and helped the
enterprise, in that manner, very materially in its early days
Mr. FIELD is a young man for his position in the commercial
world, being only a little over thirty, but is a shrewd, far-seeing
and exact man of business. He is a valuable and worthily
respected citizen.

iJABOB KOSENBERG.

MR. JACOB ROSENBERG, one of the Vice-Presidents of the
Exposition, is probably the oldest not-native born citizens of
Chicago. He came to this city in 1843, an d from that time
until 1869 twenty-six years was in the jobbing dry goods
business, in the firm of Rosenfelt & Rosenberg. Mr. R. has
always been a live, go-ahead citizen, and was one of the first, as
well as he has been one of the strongest, advocates and most
vigorous supporters of the Exposition movement. He is now a
retired merchant, but still keeps an anxious eye upon the growth
and welfare of the city with which he had so much to do, both
in his youth and maturer years. Mr. ROSENBERG is 54 years of
age, and is a native of Bavaria.

i

Sketches of the Officers. 27

LHARLES f ARGO.
1 ) )

MR. FARGO was selected as a member of the Board of
Directors to represent the railroad and express interests. How
well he has performed the especial duty assigned to him, is told
by the reduced fares and freight tariffs, and the general coopera-
tion of the railroads arid express companies with the Exposition.
As a citizen of Chicago, Mr. FARGO bears a character of
unblemished integrity. In the rebuilding of the city, we may
cite the magnificent structure of the American Express Co., on
Monroe, near State, as an evidence of his interest in its growth
and welfare as well as architectural beauty.

jJAMES 'NoWLAN.

We would be unjust to our work were we to close this por-
cion of it without reference to one to whose unfaltering devotion
and unceasing toil the consummation of the great enterprise k
almost entirely due. In all projects of a public character
where the general good is at stake and there is no emolument,
there must be some particular and enthusiastic worker to furnish
the muscle, as it were, and devote his whole time and atten-
tion to the urging of its friends and the pushing along of its
interests. In the case of the great Chicago Exposition, this
man has been Mr. JAMES NOWLAN. When the idea first sug-
gested itself to Mr. Bowen, he sent for Mr. NOWLAN, and
turned over the details of the work to him. It was an oner-
ous undertaking. An interest had to be worked up, and the
concordance of the business community obtained.

Mr. NOWLAN* is a newspaper man by profession, and he went
to work by writing up the importance of the enterprise in the

28 Chicago and her Exposition.

city papers. Editorial after editorial appeared, and being sound
and sensible, they were read and pondered over by the business
community until, at last, the time was ripe for the circular call
for the first meeting, which, at the suggestion of Mr. Bowen,
he issued over his own name. The first meeting was a failure,
there being only two citizens present, but, nothing disheartened,
he arranged for another on the very next day. This he kept
up until, at last, at the Rice & Jackson's Hall meeting there
were assembled forty-five of the leading business men of the
city, and the movement became an assured success. He then
undertook to canvass for subscriptions, and by his own, almost
unaided, efforts raised the first $150,000 of the stock. Though
not appearing in the list of the managers he has had a leading
hand in the shaping of the enterprise.

Mr. NOWLAN is an Irishman. He is one of those shrewd,
thoughtful and pugnacious Irishmen, who snatch ahold of a
good thing when they see it, and never let go until it is com-
pletely dead or a complete success. He was born in the city of
Dublin thirty-nine years ago, and is a gradute of Trinity
College. He came to this country in 1862, smelt Chicago
as soon as he landed on the shores of America, and came
directly here, a firm believer in its future, and willing to
commit to its destiny, the fortunes of his brain and muscle.
As a newspaper man he has invariably allied himself with that
arm of the profession which devotes itself to the welfare of the
commercial community. He has been connected with the
Spectator and the Chronicle, both insurance organs, while the
Daily Record, The Bureau, a tariff paper, and the Land- Owner
have all benefited by his services. Whatever the Exposition
or its history may be hereafter, there is no question that its
success is largely due to the efforts of Mr. NOWLAN.

THE EXPOSITION BUILDING.

THIS book would be incomp.ete without a detailed descrip-
tion of the magnificent building in which the Exposition
is held. The work was begun on the i6th of June, and the
structure was completed and turned over to the Board of Direc-
tors on the 25th of September. The plans were furnished by
Mr. W. W. Boyington, the well known architect, on a very
short notice, and, upon their completion, were almost imme-
diately accepted by the Committee. Mr. W. L. Carroll was
appointed Superintendent of Construction on the part of the
Board. The contractors were required to finish the building
and have it ready for occupancy by September isth, they to
receive one thousand dollars bonus -for every day previous to
that time on which the work should be completed, and to
pay the same amount for each day they work beyond the
time. Under these circumstances the work progressed with all
possible rapidity, the contractors putting on all the men who
could find room to work.

The following is a list of the contractors, and the amount
paid each:

O. B. Green, piling , $ 7,924.40

Reeves & Wells, masonry 21 ,399.00

G. H. Lytle, carpenter work 124,800.00

Dewey, Jones & Co., galvanized iron, cornices, and tin

work 37,766.00

M. W. Powell & Co., composition roofing 2,350.00

James H. Rice, glass 7,560.00

Lester & Updyke, glass 2, 125.00

William M. Dee, sewerage 500.00

Boyington & Edwards, plumbing 519.25

E. & A. Price, smoke stack 1 ,375 .00

Union Foundry Works, cast iron . 1 ,389.00

Singer Talcott Stone Co., cut stone 396.50

30 Chicago and her Exposition.

The building is 200 feet wide and 800 feet long, and reaches
from Monroe to Jackson street, a distance of two blocks. It
is as large as the Cincinnati and Louisville expositions put
together, and the old Crystal Palace, New Yorlj, could a be set
inside of it. It was found necessary to drive piles for the
foundation, the ground being "made." These piles were of
oak, a little less than two feet in diameter, and twenty feet long.
There are six of them under either end of each of the arches.
making over three hundred of them used for this purpose alone,
while there are an indefinite number under the other founda-
tions of the building.

The design of the building is virtually new, none of its
salient features having been copied from any other plan of a
like affair.

The rounded roof is supported by forty-one Howe trusses,
twenty feet apart. The six piles upon which either end rest.-.,
are capped by oak timbers 12x14 inches in thickness, and like
the caps four feet in length. The main sills, which extend
across the building and support the trusses at each end, rest
side by side upon these caps.

The spring of the arch is placed at four feet above the floor,
or seven feet above the main sill. Each truss has a diameter of
one hundred and fifty feet. The Distance from the top of the
arch to the floor is eighty feet. These trusses are composed of
three thicknesses of inch-and-three-quarters plank for the
upper and lower courses; the diagonal braces are three
by twelve inches. For the first twenty-eight feet in height.
on either end, they are built solid. The arches are sustained
by diagonal tie-rods, the lower rod being fifty-four feet from
the floor.

The back walls are twenty-four feet in height, and stand
fifteen feet outside of the line of the trusses foundation. These
are the exterior walls of the first story. Receding from these
walls are a "lean-to" or shed-roof, touching the main trusses
or the spring of the main roof, which for seventeen feet above ,
the point of contact, is built of hammered glass. The rest of
the roof above that is of galvanized iron.

The Exposition Building. 3 r

In the center of the Michigan Avenue front is the first
projection, three stories high, twenty feet clear of the main
wall, and one hundred and twenty feet long. The first story
has an altitude of twenty-four feet; the second, seventeen ; the
third, fourteen. Over the third story is a pediment or gable-
end twenty-five feet in height.

There is a carriage drive in front of this portico, twenty
feet wide, upon which open large entrance doors. Two
double windows flank the doors on each side. Covering the
drive is the balcony of the second story, twenty feet wide and
eighty long. French double windows open from the second
story upon the balcony, which in turn is covered by a hand-
some awning suspended from above the windows of the third
story. The same description applies to each of the two other
projections situated near the ends of the building, except
that they are twenty by eighty feet in ground measurement, and
that three doors open upon the carriage drive in each case
instead of two as in the grand portico.

Back of the Adams-street entrance, and exactly in the mid-
dle of the roof, is placed a grand, twelve-sided dome, 60 feet in
diameter, with forty feet perpendicular height, and a radius of
38 feet 8 inches for the curve. Above the perpendicular part
the dome is 38 feet high, making a total height from the top of
the truss to the base of the lantern of 75 feet. The lantern is
13 feet in diameter, has a perpendicular face 12 feet high,
covered by a rounded cover 8 feet high. From the apex of the
lantern springs the flag-staff 58 feet high. The distance from
.the ground to the base of the flag-staff is 1 76 feet. In each
base of the circular part of the dome and lantern is aground
dormer window, very prettily crested and ornamented with
galvanized iron work. In each of the perpendicular faces is a
large double window. From the north and south sides of the
grand dome a ventilator extends along the roof to the end
domes: this ventilator is twelve feet high and 26 feet wide ; the
sides are glass, and the top, which is supported by iron posts set
ten feet apart in the sides, is galvanized iron. Along the edge
of the top extends an ornamental railing.

32 Chicago and her Exposition.

The end domes are 48 feet square and 32 feet high, to the
base of the lantern which is 140 feet above the floor. The
lanterns have each a height superior to its dome of 16 feet, so
that from the floor to the summit is an elevation of 156
feet.

Under the centre of the main dome is a magnificent foim-
tain placed in the middle of a basin forty feet in diameter. It
is profusely ornamented and surrounded by the rarest plants and
flowers, interspersed with statuary : another fountain, scarcely
less elegant, is placed under the south dome in the Floral
Department.

The Art Gallery is on the east side of the house, directly
opposite the grand entrance ; it projects from the wall 20 feet
and has a length of 1 20 feet north and south. The walls run
up from the outside to a height of 34 feet, 10 feet more than
the main wall. Twenty-four feet in width of room, inside the
building, is taken up the entire length of the Art Gallery, and
thrown into it, giving it a floor space of 45x20 feet. . It is
handsomely lighted from the top, and the walls and ceilings
beautifully frescoed. The Fine Art Department is the only one,
however, with a room for its own accommodation. There are
but two rooms in the entire building; one for general exhibi-
tion, and the other for the Art Gallery. There are two wide
entrances to the gallery from the interior; its roof is known as
a " square-hip" roof.

Access to the second story gallery, which encircles the
interior of the building, is provided for by means of eighteen
flights of stairs, n feet wide, railed on either side, and with
broad half-landings. The gallery is 25 feet wide, except in the
3 porticos, where, over the grand entrance, it is 80x120
feet in size, and 40x80 over the end projection. As stated
above, the trusses are built solid up to the floor of this gallery,
from which they pass at 15 feet from the outer walls; outside
this a walk 10 feet wide is left, protected on the edge by a rail.

The space inside the trusses that is between the trusses and
the wall is designed for exhibition purposes. The who!
very firmly supported.

The li.\ position Building. 33

The third-story gallery is confined to the front projections,
making three very handsome little alcoves for the exhibition of
light articles.

The building, inside and out, will be trimmed, painted and
frescoed into becoming beauty. Ingress and egress, light and
air, are provided for by eighteen doors and one hundred
and fifty-two windows.

The entire available space for purposes of display is five and
eight-tenths acres. The floor room is 253,936.29 feet, being
over half more than contained in the great Crystal Palace of
New York. It covers nearly two acres more than the Boston
Coliseum; has nearly 100,000 feet more floor space than the
Cincinnati Exposition building, leaving out our galleries and
counting theirs, and is immeasurably superior, not only in size,
but in beauty of shape, convenience, durability, and general
arrangement, to any like structure on this side of the Atlantic.

The building is put upon ground which was donated to the
city of Chicago, by the general Government, for the purpose of
a public park. Its present use is contrary to the conditions of
the transfer, but the purpose Js such a laudable one, that no
one can raise an objection to the continuance of the building
upon its present site after the year has expired the time for
which the City Council granted its use to the Exposition.
However, it is so constructed that it may be taken down and
removed to another locality at comparatively little cost. It is
such a beautiful structure, however, and such an ornament
to the park, and so much in keeping with the general idea
of the public beneficence which prompted the generous act on
the part of the Government, that no citizen of Chicago or
elsewhere will be apt to raise a voice against it and demand its
removal. It is to be hoped that the building of the great Inter-
State Industrial Exposition will remain upon the lake front for
many years to come.

THE CITY AND ITS INTERESTS.

THE Exposition, and this volume relative thereto, will serve
a valuable purpose. They will dispel from the minds of a
hundred thousand visitors an illusion, within which half of
mankind have been accustomed to dwell, that Chicago is a mir-
acle. A god and a queen, Belus and Semiramis, were required
to build Babylon ; and when the Norwegian dreamer, Frederika
Bremer, came to the American continent, she asked to be taken
to Chicago, "the home of Loki and Thor, the Supernatural
Forces." The half of mankind that have not considered
Chicago a miracle, have looked upon it as a marvelous specula-
tion, a bubble, oddly enough, that had not burst yet, but
certainly would, and there were those who thought that fatal
moment had come on an October night two years ago, when

" Homeless twenty thousand homes here stood,
And twenty thousand tables pined and wanted food."

The poet needs amendment ; when Wadsworth wrote, there
was no Chicago. This skeptical class are already disabused ;
eastern Shylocks of twenty years ago, who looked askance at
the city bonds, were among the first to telegraph their thou-
sands of dollars for real estate investment last November. They
thought that ashes cooled values, and that central sites, whose
impoverished owners were necessarily buried beneath unre-
deemable mortgages, would gratefully clutch at any price
represented by cash, on which no uncertain future would pile
the profits of the usurer. They found few front feet in the
market ; values went up instead of down ; yet every dollar
planted hath grown its fruit.

The City and its Interests. 35

But there have been no Supernatural Forces; no Semiramis,
no Belus. The two millions of workmen whom the Queen's
scepter summoned, like soldiers, from all parts of the eastern
empire to lay the foundations of Babylon's walls and carve its
hundred brazen gates, have been present in the re-building of
Chicago, for steam has annihilated time, and science has multi-
plied human hands, and what was accomplished in Babylon in
a year, has been wrought in Chicago in a month. Thor and
Loki, the Northern Supernatural Forces, rendered no assistance ;
nature, pluck, and money, three intensely realistic agencies,
have done it all. The city around the Exposition, the Expo-
sition within the city, are the proofs and the monument.

Chicago is simply the inevitable result of a prophetic
intention. When God dropped the lakes into their places, and
unfolded the millions of acres of the bursting West beyond
them, and pressed his finger at the base of the great lake,
indenting a river mouth, He speaking with reverence He
meant business. As surely, by the law of gravitation the apple
fell before Newton's eyes, so surely was a great city to rise at
the river's mouth and the base of the lake, to be the great
clearing-house between the producers on the west of it and the
consumers of the entire East. It is a Chicagoism to attribute
the sudden and indestructible magnitude of the city to the
local spirit, clear-headed and tremendous as it is. It is a
romance of the rail to credit the railroads with the achieve-
ment ; both are but the consequences of a great cause, purely
physical ; the one the agent, the second the carrier, of an inex-
haustible product laid at the city's door before a city was here
to handle it, a product constantly augmented by the muscle of
the old world, tiding constantly to the untenanted side of the
new ; augmented at so rapid a rate, that, despite the growth of
the city, despite the thousands of miles of swift transportation
added each succeeding year, despite a lake marine built up
season after season in defiance of the tariff, despite partial
famine and failures of crops on the continent, the product has
swollen until it begins to impoverish the producer, and has out-
stripped in the race the city through which it must pass as

36 Chicago and her Exposition,

through a door. Cowper spoke well enough when he said that
God made the country and man made the town ;^ but it was
agriculture that made Chicago, that would have compelled its
making by the next generation, if the one that founded it had
failed of the manifest duty. Neither railroads which never
go except when they are wanted ; nor manufacturers, which
demand pre-existing natural conditions; nor esprit-de-ville,
which could not be found and has merely kept abreast with the
city ; nor the merchant navy, that now takes up its march from
the feeble rivulet, over the ocean, to the gates of Liverpool,
but which would have no march to make did not nature supply
the cargo on the western wharf; none of these built Chicago.
It was the golden grain that 1,500,000 square miles of teeming
soil west of it annually produced, a production whose expanse,
to be every year expanded further through a period practi-
cally infinite, can best be judged by the fact that while in
1850 the lake States produced forty million bushels of wheat,
Chicago, in a single day of 1873, handles half a million bushels,
and at a -day not a dozen years distant, if the facilities be
increased in a ratio commensurate with the supply, will easily
ship double that amount. It was this permanent commerce
with the furnishing of which Chicago spirit had nothing to
do that laid the foundation and erected the walls of Chicago.
It was as the carriers of this commerce that railroads spun their
wires into and away from the city, rendering Chicago distinc-
tively the railroad city, Illinois the greatest railroad State of
the world. It was as agents and brokers of this permanent
commerce that the banks cast up their impregnable piles and
excavated their vaults ; as tributaries and dependents the hotels
expanded, the wholesale houses of every branch of trade grew
and prospered, manufactures blackened the prairie sky with
smoke, and every form of human toil and profit lodged itself
here, never to depart, constantly to augment its usefulness and
increase its gains. The Exposition is but a bird's-eye view
of this material progress.

The city was a predestination. She reposes on a rock, not
'the rock whereon greatest minds have oftenest wrecked'

The City and its Interests. 37

speculation but a rock firm as the Peter of the Scriptures ; a
natural necessity, immovable, to endure until navigation is
closed in the final December; until the "SHUT" of the banks
is whirled to the crystal panel for the last time, and men do not
return, reading the morning papers, to take the shutters down.

From this general glance at the predestined city, we will call
the reader's attention to some practical tests of its stability.
The destruction of Chicago and its marvelous replacement, is a
story not unfamiliar to the lips of the most unenlightened.
We desire to call attention to some of the more prominent
structures and businesses in the new city of commercial palaces.
We desire to present them to the mind of the stranger into
whose hands this book will fall, in such a manner that he will
not leave the city without going to see them ; and having gone
to see them, we desire that this book shall serve to furnish him
a deal of information in regard to them, which he could not
otherwise obtain without much annoying inquiry, and an im-
mense amount of trouble.

POTTER PALMER is erecting here in Chicago, one of the finest
hotels in the world. It is, undoubtedly, one of the prettiest
in point of architecture, in this country, and is said to be an
almost exact copy of the Palais Royale in Paris. It will be
remembered that while contemplating the erection of this beau-
tiful structure, Mr. P. made a tour of Europe, and closely
inspected all the principal hotels in England and on the conti-
nent. It is very natural that, having decided from the first to
build a hotel unsurpassed, he should have collected all the excel-
lencies of all of them and combined them in his plan of the
magnificent structure which graces the city in the region of
State and Monroe streets, and which is rapidly approaching
completion.

Chicago and her Exposition.

'VMf-^/i^Mj Sjyn

The City and its Interests. 39

Of the public buildings of the new city, probably the one
that has attained the widest fame, and the one contemplated
with greatest interest by the general community, is the Grand
Pacific Hotel, now prominent by its magnitude, the outward
magnificence of its architectural form, and the splendor of its
internal equipment, among the great and notable structures of
modern times. The original project for the building of this
great edifice was formed several years previous to the fire,
Mr. H. M. Smith procuring a charter for the "Pacific Hotel
Company" in 1868. Studies for the hotel were then made on
an elaborate and exhaustive scale among the great cities of
Europe and America. The plans then adopted and followed in
the construction of the building which was near to completion
at the date of the conflagration, have been adhered to in essen-
tial particulars in the second great structure.

The building covers an entire block of ground, fronting 325
feet on Jackson street, 190 feet on Clark street, and 180 feet on
LaSalle street. The style of the building, both external and
internal, is modern French. The cost of the edifice, by the
estimates of the architect, W. W. Boyington, was $1,000,000,
exclusive of furniture, decoration and equipment, which, with
the ground at a reasonable valuation, would aggregate a total
cost of $2,500,000. It will be conceived, readily and naturally
enough, that to bring to perfection a labor of such magnitude
likely to stand for two centuries as one of the proudest orna-
ments of this imperial city, destined to renown wide enough to
traverse the seas and extend around the world that the manu-
facturing enterprise, mechanical skill, and general material
wealth and resources of the city, have been levied upon some-
what heavily.

The proprietors of the Grand Pacific are George W. Gage,
David A. Gage and John A. Rice ; T. B. Gaskell, manager and
steward ; T. G. Parker, book-keeper ; George H. Fassett and
S. W. Parker, room clerks ; Jesse Hepple, late of the Tremont,
and Charles D. Weatherbea, cashiers; John Hickey, night clerk.

Chicago ami licr Exposition*

T

HE NEW SHERMAN.

One of the prominent and conspicuous features in the splen-
did architecture of the rebuilt city, and one that will be a
subject of interest and curiosity to the great public of strangers
and visitors during the days of the Exposition, is the new Sher-
man House on the old site corner of Clark and Randolph
streets. The popularity of the old Sherman, one of the richest,
handsomest, best managed, and most elaborately appointed
hotels in the world, extended over more than one continent,
and across more than one sea, co-extensive with the broad fame
of the city ; and the destruction of the proud edifice so well
remembered as a princely, beautiful and hospitable home by
hosts of travelers from the remotest quarters of the globe, was
lamented to the bounds of civilization. The rebuilding of
that great public home became a subject of public solicitude
and interest, and the completion of the present edifice, and the
opening of its hospitable doors to Chicago and the world, on
the loth of April, last, under the auspices of C. S. Munson,
Esq., was a memorable incident in the history of modern

The City and its Interests. 4 1

hotels. An effect, probably never produced before by any s'mi-
lar event, was that the opening of the new house, on a scale of
luxurious elegance unparalleled before in our history, instantly
changed the rank and grade of all the hotel establishments in
the community.

The new building, costing just twice as much as the former
structure, seven stories in height, of a beautiful gray free-stone,
modern Italian in style, is conspicuous by height and magnitude,
the perfect unity of its architectural proportions, and the classic
style of decoration visible in its splendid frontage. It has been
pronounced the handsomest building in the world, while in fur-
niture and general equipment and accommodation, it will bear
a favorable comparison with the grandest palaces of public
entertainment ever opened in Europe or America.

The proprietor, N. C. Munson, Esq., is a Boston capitalist.
The manager, C. S. Munson, Esq., brother of the proprietor,
has been for twenty-two years a resident of the West. His rep-
utation as a first-class hotel-keeper was fully and permanently
established by his able and popular management of the late
famous Grand Central Hotel on Michigan Avenue, which will
be remembered by the great community of travelers, as the
best furnished, best regulated and best kept hotel in Chicago up
to the date of the opening of the second Sherman. It was
with an eye wide open to business, that Mr. C. S. Munson
secured the lease of the Sherman House at an early day after
the fire. The success of the new Sherman has been beyond the
most sanguine expectations of its proprietor and of its manager,,
the house having early established, even among Eastern and
rival cities, an enviable fame, not less for the liberal and popu-
lar plan of its management, than the costly luxuriance of its
equipment and furniture, every article of the latter having been
made to order by the Chicago manufacturers, A. L. Hale & Bro.

Chicago ami her Exposition.

BRIGGS HOUSE.

Among the great hotels which have united their attractions
to stimulate the growth of the city, is tjie time-honored Briggs
House, one of the deplorable losses in the great conflagration,
and lately rebuilt in an improved and loftier form, and after the
modern plan. Its location, corner Fifth Avenue and Randolph,
directly in the business middle of the city, gives it a commanding
advantage. The Briggs is a lofty and beautiful edifice of light
stone, six clear stories above the basement, ,has 130 large and
airy rooms, with a strictly modern system of equipment, furniture,
and hotel accessories, conveniences, luxuries and appointments,
including splendid passenger elevator, bath rooms, hot and cold
water for every room, comfortable parlors, etc. The propri-
etors, Messrs. Edward Rickords and A. J. Huntoon, are favorably
known to the world of travelers, Mr. Rickords having been
long connected with the American and Clarendon of Buffalo,
and the International of Niagara Falls; Mr. Huntoon for eight
or ten years with the Fifth Avenue of New York.

The City and its Interests. 43

A. W. MILLER'S MARBLE PALACE.

An interesting incident in this final period of reconstruction,
constituting a new date in the history of the jewelry trade,
just as the new city is receiving its finishing touches of archi-
tectural splendor, is the completion of Mr. A. H. MILLER'S new
ornamental block, Nos. 183, 185 and 187 Wabash Avenue,
designed for the accommodation, on a large and somewhat
magnificent scale, of Mr. MILLER'S great popular traffic in this
important branch of our general commerce. The building is a
five-story structure, 175 X5o feet, of conspicuous and command-
ing height, fwith a wide frontage of pure and classic beauty,
forming a conspicuous ornament in the most splendid neighbor-
hood of business palaces to be seen on the continent, with an
internal construction and equipment, and a general splendor of
decoration, finish, fixtures, furniture and appointments, unsur-
passed by any palace of jewelry in the world. Mr. MILLER will
be familiarly remembered by a whole* public of friends and
acquaintances, and by a large proportion of the business popu-
lation of the Northwest, as the oldest practical jeweler in our
city, and as proprietor, in the days long preceding the great
conflagration, of a jewelry palace on Randolph and Clark street
which was admired as a public ornament and a public attraction,
and surpassing in v the wealth, extent and variety of stock, as
well as in the general outfit of the premises, any similar estab-
lishment in the West. Mr. MILLER began the business in the
early days of the republic, in the times of our uncles and grand-
fathers, under the old Marine Bank on La Salle street. His
location afterwards, and for many years, was at corner Clark and
Lake streets, and his removal thence to jnore stately quarters
corner Randolph and Clark, constituted a memorable incident
in our local history. Previous to the fire, Mr. MILLER had made
elaborate improvements in the fixtures and equipments of his

44 Chicago and her Exposition.

factory and salesrooms, at a cost of $60,000. His losses by the
ire were notably severe ; all of his stock which was rescued
from conflagration becoming afterward the plunder of thieves.
The occupancy of this splendid edifice by Mr. MILLER as
the new seat and headquarters of his great trade in jewelry,
and his recent opening in a grandly appropriate style, in
keeping with the magnificence of his new premises, of a grand
invoice of Foreign and American jewelry, embracing every
modern feature of the business, in gold and silver and diamond,
as well as an immense outfit in fancy and toilet articles appro-
priate to the department, is an incident of public interest,
entitling him to public congratulation, and a popular welcome
back again to the rebuilt district.

THE BOWEN BLOCK.

ENOS BROWN & CO.

The Bowen block, known to the community as the seat of a
considerable manufacturing interest and of several departments
of commerce, in which are located the Chicago Wool House of
Enos Brown & Co., the great auction salesrooms of William A.
Butters & Co., the Harris Safe Factory, and the office and head-
quarters of Messrs. Sargent, Greenleaf & Brooks, for the exposi-
tion and sale of the far-famed Sargent & Greenleaf locks and that
most admirable and useful invention, the patent adjustable elbow,
is located on Randolph street, between Wabash and Michigan
avenues. The house of Enos Brown & Co., (Enos Brown,
James H. Bowen, George S. Bowen, Chauncey T. Bowen), oc-
cupying that portion of the block included in 19 and 21 Ran-
dolph street, was organized in 1869 for the transaction of a
general business in cotton and wool manufacturers' supplies,
dye-stuffs and wool and woolen goods. The sales the first year
amounted to but $75,000. but were developed in a very brief
period to large proportions, increased facilities being from time
to time necessary to manipulate the increasing trade. In 1870

The City and its Interests. ^c

the firm assumed the wool business of Reynolds, Reed & Co.,
passed through the fire with terrible losses but resumed imme-
diately after promptly meeting all liabilities in full and trasacted
the first year after the fire a business of $1,000,000. Enos
Brown & Co. handle wool after a somewhat comprehensive
fashion, the business being of a more general and thorough
character and combining a greater variety of operations than
any similar establishment in the country, combining a very
large traffic as wholesale dealers in the raw material of wool
with building factories for making the goods and then selling
the manufactured products, so that farmers wanting to know
where their wool all goes to and merchants curious to know
where their woolen fabrics come from, find a solution of their
problems at the same place. Dimensions of the block, 120 by
158 feet ; five stories and basement.

HARRIS' SAFE MANUFACTORY

is also located in the Bowen block, (23 and 25 Randolph)
the first floor being used as exhibition and salesroom and the
upper, floors for the factory. Several years previous to the fire,
Mr. S. H. Harris was engaged in business in Chicago as agent
for a celebrated safe manufactory in Boston. Believing that he
could effect some important practical improvements in safes,
Mr. Harris undertook the business of manufacturer. Turning
out the first year twenty-five of those model safes which have
since given so much satisfaction to our merchants and bankers,
who now give them preference over all others of eastern or out-
side manufacture, the capacity of the factory, under the steady
encouragement extended to him, has increased to proportions
that now enable him to turn out work to the amount of near
$500,000 per annum, in safes and the iron works of fire and
burglar proof vaults. The Harris safes stood the test of the
great fire triumphantly, have given eminent satisfaction to the
mercantile community, and afford a good illustration of our
home talent and home resources for competing with the world
in manufactures.

1 46 Chicago and her Reposition.

SARGENT, GREENLEAF & BROOKS,

also have their office and headquarters in the Bowen block, (first
floor, 25 Randolph street). They combine the sale of the Sar-
gent & Greenleaf combination and key locks with the manufac-
ture and sale of the patent adjustable elbow for stoves, furnaces,
conductors and other pipes. This manufacture commenced in
October, 1872, and their elbows, which now rank among the
great modern inventions, are used in every section of the whole
wide land. The elbow factory is on the upper floor of the Bowen
block. Sargent & Greenleaf manufacture their locks at Roch-
ester, N. Y., and, in addition to their office here, they have
salesrooms in Boston, New York, St. Louis and San Francisco.
Their celebrated combination lock is now adopted by the U. S.
Government and used by the heaviest banks and business houses
in the country. Their beautiful mortise key locks, with their
small flat keys, are becoming universal favorites, and can be
seen on the finest blocks and buildings of rebuilt Chicago.

THE OLDEST AUCTION HOUSE IN THE WEST.

The east division of the Bowen block, included in Nos. 15 and
1 7 Randolph street, is occupied as the auction salesrooms and
commission house of William A. Butters & Co., the oldest and
wost extensive establishment of the kind in the West. The firm
was organized near a quarter of a century ago in the old
McCarthy building, 99 Dearborn street, the sales of general
merchandise, and latterly of real estate, reaching since that date
the enormous aggregate of over $60,000,000. Mr. Butters was
officially appointed auctioneer of the grand Exposition.

The City and its Interests. 47

PHINA, CROCKERY AND GLASSWARE,

IRA P. BOWEN & CO.

In that very interesting and very important department of
commerce, included in china, glassware and crockery, the firm
of Ira P. Bowen & Co. may properly be mentioned as repre-
senting popular interests in this branch of trade. The house is
a succession in regular line to the ancient firm of Bowen Bros.,
afterwards Bowen, Whitman & Winslow, then Byrne, Bowen &
Co., the last in the succession preceding the present firm. Ira
P. Bowen & Co. were located at the date of the great conflagra-
tion at 107 Wabash avenue, their store in those days being
regarded as the headquarters of the community generally for the
finer class of china, glasswares and crockery merchandise. The
firm now occupy the spacious and handsome four-story edifice,
262 and 264 Wabash avenue, the first floor affording a mammoth
private "exposition" of plain and fancy goods in china and
glass and other wares, lamp goods, silver-plate ware, kerosene
chandeliers, decorated china sets of matchless beauty and in
bewildering variety, varying from $55 to $500, white china sets
of 150 pieces, all for $35, specialties in table sets, cologne
sets, vases, smoking sets, toilet bottles, jardeniers, fancy lamps,
etc. The upper floors of the building are devoted principally
to -the storage, exposition and sale of goods more appropriate to
the jobbing trade. The establishment is provided with a very
full and very elaborate outfit in hotel goods, and has furnished
the kitchens and dining rooms of many of our new hotels their
equipment in glass, china and crockery. Their display of
wares at the grand Exposition will attract general attention.
Strangers visiting the city during the days of the Exposition,
especially hotel -keepers and house-keepers, will find much to
attract and please and interest them in the magnificent display
of all varieties of the merchandise named above, at Ira P.
Bowen & Co.'s.

48 Chit, ago and htr Exposition.

BABCOCK FIRE ENGINE WORKS.

No manufacturing company in existence has come to be
better known throughout the country than the Babcock Manu-
facturing Company, whose portable extinguisher is accepted
as one of the great necessities of the age, an invention that
contemplates the practical good of the race, and has now a sale
and use wherever there are such signs of civilization as
cook stoves or sewing machines. Any notice of the manufac-
turing interests of the great new city would be imperfect with-
out mention of the manufactory of the Babcock Company,
corner Desplaines and Mather streets. Though an original
Chicago organization, the operations of the company embrace
a national territory, and is sustained by a national patronage,
extending from New York to San Francisco, so that the Babcock
Extinguisher has Become familiar wherever there is property
enough to make fire a formidable enemy to society. The
sales of the portable machines average nearly twelve thousand
annually, while the large fire and stationary engines, now
accepted by private corporations and the fire authorities of our
cities and towns as a great improvement over all former inven-
tions, cannot be manufactured fast enough to supply the de-
mand. Lately the company have increased their manufacturing
facilities by the erection of an additional factory, employing
two hundred and fifty hands. Nearly every insurance company
in the land have advocated the use of the Babcock fire apparatus;
the U. S. Government has adopted it, supplying all the great
military posts with it, and the public opinion of the world has
endorsed it. Its principle is as follows : Carbonic acid gas is
heavier than the atmosphere. Fire is the combustion of oxygen,
and cannot burn a second without oxygen. The contents of
the Extinguisher a liquid gas many times more dense than air
shut off the supply of oxygen and instantly smother the fire.

The City and its Interests. 49

rowing a compound as harmless as water, it will concentrate

.jon the fire five times the quantity of carbonic acid gas that

can be applied in any other way. The splendid new offices

and exposition rooms of the company are in Tuthill King's

block, northwest corner of Washington and Dearborn streets.

THE WESTERN NEWS POMPANY.

The Western News Company, who are probably known to a
larger public and who hold wider actual relations with the mer-
cantile communities of Chicago and all the Northwest than any
other business corporation, have occupied since early in April
their new edifice, Nos. 42 and 44 East Randolph street, a capa-
cious four-story building, 50 x 104 feet dimensions, beautiful
white stone front, and designed and constructed with special
reference to the convenient manipulation of a traffic in news,
periodicals, school books, stationery, and general literature,
which has been developed in a brief history of about twelve
years into gigantic and national proportions.

The Western News Company is a succession to the private
business of John R. Walsh (now President of the company),
who inaugurated a retail trade in periodical literature and sta-
tionery in March, 1861, at the corner of Custom House Place
and Madison street and seems to have been organized upon
the idea of reducing the news business, with its accessory fea-
tures of stationery, school books and general literature, to a
system and a convenience on a public and universal scale, the
news business having been, up to the date of this organization,
without system, without method, without a Western center or
headquarters. It was to reduce this vast, unlimited but loose,
irregular and scattered traffic into a legitimate department of
commerce, and to establish channels in a thousand directions
for a wholesale trade that would supply, with the regularity,

5O Cliicago and her Exposition.

economy and convenience of method and management, a nation
of dealers and patrons, representing the territory of a dozen
populous states, with the staple products of literature. This
idea has been developed to a practical triumph of immense
significance having a direct bearing upon the interests of a great
public, and the Western News Company, in addition to a wide,
popular traffic in school books, school equipments and general
literature, are now in absolute control of the news business of
the entire Northwest, with a patronage numbering thousands of
names, and supplying every dealer in a range of many hundred
of miles. The new building and headquarters of the company
will be one of the popular objects of interest and curiosity to
visitors during the Exposition.

FINE FT

URNITURE.

A. L. HALE & BRO.

Of the endlessly varied assortment of goods and wares
selected from our stores and factories, and conspicuously dis-
played at the Exposition, as specimen products of the taste,
skill, enterprise and resources of a great practical, mercantile
and manufacturing city, no exhibition will excite more general
admiration than the display of household furniture, including
splendidly ornamental chamber sets, from the furniture manufac-
tory and salesrooms of A. L. Hale & Brother, Chicago. This
great factory, where was turned out all the gorgeous furniture of
the new Sherman House (claimed to be the finest and costliest
hotel-outfit in the world), has achieved a wide and enviable dis-
tinction among the furniture-dealers of the country, not less by
the honest and substantial quality of mechanical workmanship
characteristic of their wares, than by the cultivated taste and
high and elaborate finish of the vast quantities of fine and fancy
work turned out by them, whether on special orders of hotels

The City and its Interests. 5 1

and housekeepers, or the general demand of retailers and job-
bers of furniture. The magnificent specimens of their manu-
facturing skill on display at the Exposition, and which will give
them a favorable comparison with the oldest and most renowned
factories of Europe and our eastern cities, will bring the house
still more prominently before the public. The great wholesale
and retail furniture house of A. L. Hale & Bro. is located at 10,
12, 14 and 16 North Canal street. The building is one of great
capacity, five stories and basement, of quadruple width and over
200 feet depth. All this vast space, with the exception of the
fifth floor devoted to manufacturing and finishing, is used for
storage, display and sale, in vast amounts, of their magnificent
manufactured wares. An item illustrating the magnitude of the
stock commonly on storage, is a constant average of seven or
eight hundred chamber sets, a large proportion being ornate
and highly-finished patterns.

The firm of A. L. Hale & Bro. enjoy a reputation as manu-
facturers of fine furniture, extending to the remotest points of
the Northwest ; and among special orders which the house is
now filling, from a distance, is a heavy order for supplying the
entire outfit of the U. S. Custom House at St. Paul, Minnesota.
All the furniture of the U. S. Marine Hospital, in the suburbs,
has also been ordered from this house, and is now being manu-
factured. Visitors to the city, feeling an interest in this impor-
tant branch of our manufactures, will find abundant entertain-
ment in a visit to the factory and salesrooms, 10, 12, 14 and 16
North Canal street.

5 2 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE LARGEST BUSINESS IN THE WORLD.

Chicago now boasts of a music warehouse that does a larger
general trade in pianos than any other establishment in the
world, a larger monthly and yearly average of sales being
made at the great piano and organ warerooms of W. W. Kim-
baii, corner State and Adams street, than at any similar house
in Europe or America. Mr. Kimball, aside from the agency of
Smiths' American Organ, the Great Union, the Kimball and
other pianos, has long been the exclusive wholesale agent, for
the Northwest, of the Hallet & Davis Piano of Boston, the
finest musical instrument in the world. For the convenience
of persons desiring special accommodations, Mr Kimball has
inaugurated a popular system of renting and sales by monthly
or quarterly instalments. Visitors during the Exposition will
always be sure of a cordial welcome and polite attentions at the
great piano warehouse.

LURIOSITIES IN JEWELRY.

The display of fine jewelry, silverwares and fancy articles at
the Exposition, by the Chicago firm of A. B. Van Cott & Co.,
No. 124 State street, includes many splendid specimens of taste
and invention in that finest of all the mechanical arts, and will
attract the attention of all. The list includes a great variety of
massive and solid silver table-wares, noticeable among which are
a beautiful solid silver pitcher with two goblets, price $350 ; a
dining set of 160 pieces, in an elegant wooden case lined with
satin, valued at #850 ; one solid tea set, price $700; an engi-
neer's silver inkstand, a graceful and delicate piece of workman-
ship, finely worked and tastefully embellished, appropriate for a

The City and its Interests. 5 3

masonic or other presentation, price, $250; butter cup, salt and
egg spoon set, price, $150 ; boquet holders, fish knives, etc., a
silver berry dish, $125 ; nut spoon and picks, $90; set of ice
cream spoons $100; fine Jurgensen sporting watches, stem-wind-
ers, $450 to ^550 ; a pearl cross, decorated with small diamonds,
a gem, $450. The list also includes several curiosities and won-
ders of mechanical invention ; larks and blue-birds with curious
attachments, which enable them to open their bills and warble and
sing with clear voices the natural notes of the wilderness ; Geneva
clocks which perform, in addition to turning hour and minute
hands, a multitude of other and useful functions, indicate
changes of the moon, the day of month and week, changes of
temperature and of weather, by barometer and th'ermometor, etc.
The firm of A. B. Van Cott & Co. was originally a New
York house, and was organized just half a century ago. The
house has been known in the West since 1844, the location in
Chicago at the date of the conflagration, as all will remember,
being at No. 107 Lake street. The new quarters of the firm
are in the beautiful marble building No. 124 State street. The
house has been justly celebrated, during a period of many years,
for the taste and elegance of their solid silver wares ; fine dining
sets having always been made a specialty. Their assortment of
bronzes and French clocks is considered also equal to that of
the largest houses in New York and the East. The firm deal
largely iri Swiss and American watches, diamonds, and fancy
jewelry in all its branches.

POPULAR AMUSEMENTS.

FOLEY'S BILLIARD HALL.

No general description of the improvements and charac-
teristic features of the new city would be complete without
reference to institutions established in the interest of popular

54 Chicago and her Exposition.

amusements, and a brief notice of Foley's palace billiard hall,
on Clark street, will be appropriate to this connection as special
and representative in character, and illustrating the modern
tone and large and generous style that distinguishes every de-
partment of industry and enterprise, not less than the splendid
architecture that has carried the fame of our new streets and
avenues around the world. Foley's billiard hall is regarded as
the handsomest, best equipped, most thoroughly appointed
establishment of the kind on the continent, none of the
Eastern palaces erected in the interest of this popular game be-
ing of a character to rival the costly magnificence of its accom-
modations, the architectural splendor of the apartments, the
gorgeous decoration of the walls and ceiling, or the modern
elegance of its furniture and fixtures. The hall is one of great
magnitude, with nearly ten thousand square feet of floor, with
high frescoed ceilings, like the ceilings of a church, and, but
for the presence of the green cloth and billiard furniture, would
present the aspect of a magnificent chamber of commerce.
Some idea of the extent of the accommodations may be formed
from the book-keeper's record, indicating an average of over
eight hundred games daily, during the busy days of the season.
A feature of the hall is a handsome gallery of appropriate
dimensions, at the west end of the saloon, for the regular
accommodation of lady spectators. This practical courtesy to
the ladies of Chicago has met a hearty appreciation, and on
the occasion of two memorable matinees tendered them by Mr.
Foley, on the 28th of January last, the day of opening, and on
the ist of the present month of September, the great hall was
thronged by the light feet of a thousand fair women, to
whom billiards had heretofore been a mystery or a forbidden
enchantment.

The City and its Interests, 5 5

f

IELD, LEITEF^ & Co.

The dry goods house of Field, Leiter & Co., of Chicago,
in the magnitude of its business, is the third largest of the kind
in America, and when that is said it means the third largest in
the world, for there are no establishments in Europe which can
compare with H. B. Claflin & Co., and A. T. Stewart of New
York, Field, Leiter & Co., of Chicago, or houses of even two
or three degrees lesser extent in this country. In a synopsis of
the business interests of Chicago, the subject of this article very
naturally occupies the most prominent position, for it stands,
in fact, at the Very head and front of all the financial under-
takings of the city. The name of Field, Leiter & Co. is almost
as familiar to the country as Chicago itself.

Before passing, in this hasty sketch, to speak of the opera-
tions of the firm, it will interest the reader to give an idea of
its origin. Mr. Field and Mr. Leiter are both young men.
They were both in the firm of Cooley, Wadsworth & Co., on
Lake Street, many years ago, Mr. Field being salesman and Mr.
Leiter in the office. When the firm name became Cooley, Far-
well & Co., Messrs. Field and Leiter were partners, and re-
mained so when the name was again changed to Farwell, Field
& Co. In 1863 they retired, and formed the present firm of
Field, Leiter & Co., buying out Potter Palmer on Lake street.
From Lake street they moved to the corner of State and Wash-
ington, where they remained until the fire, when they were
swept away with the rest of the business portion of the city.
Ten days after the fire they commenced building at the corner
of Madison and Market, and opened their new store there on
the 4th of March following. This structure, which is of red
brick, is 200 feet front by 90 feet deep, and is five stories high.
It has heretofore comprised both the wholesale and retail de-
partments, but after the removal of the retail department to the

56 Chicago and her Exposition.

new building at State and Washington, it will be devoted
entirely to the wholesale branch of the business.

. Messrs. Field, Leiter & Co. expect to move into their new
building about the ist of October. It will be the finest re-
tail store and building, for that purpose, in the world, with
the exception of A. T. Stewart's in New York. The first
floor will be devoted to general dry goods ; the second to
shawls, cloaks, suits, furs, ladies and children's underwear,
mourning goods, woolens, etc.; the third to carpets and uphol-
stery; and the fourth and fifth to the manufacturing of goods.
Their wholesale and retail buildings are connected by an inde-
pendent line of telegraph.

This firm does a business amounting to twenty millions a
year. They employ one thousand men and one thousand sew-
ing women. They have offices in Manchester, England, in
Paris, and at different points in this country, where their
agents are constantly purchasing. It is a fact certainly worthy
of remark, that they do an entirely cash business, their agents
in both countries paying for the goods when the transactions
are made. The stables of the firm in this city contain over
eighty horses, all used in the business, and they comprise some
of the finest stock, for that purpose, in the country.

All in all, the firm of Field, Leiter & Co. is the chief boast
of Chicago. Outside of the figures given, it is impossible to
convey to the mind of the reader an idea of the immense
amount of business that is done within the walls of the building
in a day, the thousands of people who come and go, and the
thousands of dollars and the thousand different articles that
change hands. To get an idea of it, the reader must visit the
establishment, himself, where he will see something to talk
about for the remainder of a lifetime.

The City and its Interests. 57

THE FI

INE RT NSTITUTE.

ITS INCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT.

In the development of a country the fine arts will only
receive attention when the foundations have been well laid,
and time can be secured for the cultivation of an aesthetic
taste. For so young a city, Chicago had secured before the fire
an admirable position in art, and among her citizens were
many who judiciously owned the best works of prominent
artists. Though the disaster of 1871 swept away much prop-
erty, and the choicest treasures of private galleries, yet a little
remained, and our solid men have been able to add many truly
valuable works.

Among the heavy importers of paintings, Chicago has long
been considered a valuable patron, purchasing more freely
good work than any other Western city. Yet it is only about
ten years ago that the artists, Ford, Reed and Volk, began to be
known in Chicago, and most of the knights of the brush and
the chisel have- secured patronage in this city during the last
five years.

No one man can have the honor of fostering the growth of
an interest in art more truly than J. F. Aitken, who came to
this city nine years ago, after being associated with Williams,
Stevens & Williams, and other noted art-firms in the city of New
York. His connection with these dealers not only made him
acquainted with the true value of the works of important ar-
tists, but fitted him to be a valuable medium between the
authors and purchasers of pictures, impartially protecting the
interests of both parties. His first permanent position in Chi-
cago was as the manager of the Crosby Opera House Art
Gallery, which became famous through the whole country under
his judicious management. Here, at the annual receptions,
gathered the wealth and fashion of the Garden City, and the

58 Chicago and her Exposition.

true lovers of art enjoyed the privilege of examining works by
eminent foreign, as well as promising American artists. The
variety afforded to the public, the taste displayed in the ar-
rangement, and Mr. Aitken's influence with Eastern artists, and
dealers, combined to make the Art Gallery an attractive place
of resort. And as many of the finest paintings which had a
permanent position in the gallery belonged to Albert Crosby,
Esq., his testimony to the efficiency and superior business man-
agment of Mr. Aitken is very important. When the heart of
our city was being swept away by fire, the decisive action of the
manager saved all of the finest canvases, and now thirty-six of
them can be seen on the walls of the gallery of the Art Institute.
The fifty-one pictures saved from the Opera House were worth
#65,000, and the one hundred and eight burned were valued at
$25,000.

After the great conflagration the friends of Mr. Aitken
urged him to make another collection, and, abandoning all
other plans, he opened his own gallery September 7, 1872, in
Almini's building with a collection very creditable to a ruined
city. The support which the public gave to the gallery, and the
freedom with which liberally-minded men subscribed for the an-
nual tickets, encouraged a few earnest men to organize the Fine
Art Institute which would both maintain a gallery and good
schools to art. As soon as the Institute was incorporated, the
officers received offers from owners of buildings and finally they
accepted the second and third stories of the new building at the
corner of Michigan avenue and Van Buren street, which is now
only a block south of the Exposition building.

Very naturally, J. F. Aitken was elected the first general
manager, and under his supervision a gallery sixty by thirty-
seven feet and twenty-five feet high, with a good skylight, was
constructed and studios and school-rooms were fitted up in the
third story. Good instructors were secured for the schools, a
commencement was" made for an art library, and a number of
citizens became life members of the Institute. At the first elec-
tion, J. V. Le Moyne was chosen President ; Ferd. W. Peck,
Vice-President, and J. E. Lockwood, Treasurer. The schools

The City and its Interests. 59

were patronized by a large number of pupils, and the privileges
of the rudimentary drawing class were made free to all who
came properly recommended, which was the first inauguration
here of the principle of free art instruction.

After some delay in drying a new building and waiting for
promised pictures, the gallery was opened May 22, 1873, w i tn a
brilliant reception, which awakened memories of the happy
parties in the old Opera House. The works of art numbered
132, and in excellence they equalled any which had ever been
exhibited in this city. The collection had an especial interest,
for it was entirely a loan one, and consisted of such works of
art as could be found in a city which was just recovering from
a fearful blow. Our local artists contributed freely; Albert
Crosby munificently sent in his whole collection, which had
been saved through the personal efforts of Mr. Aitken. Other
prominent citizens loaned valuable paintings by F. E. Church,
Norton, Preyer, Heade, Gifford, Kensett and Tyler.

During the season the patrons of the gallery have had the
opportunity of examining the grand allegorical painting by E.
Armitage, which was a princely donation to the city, of in-
specting the important forest interior by H. C. Ford, and the
first marine piece from the talented Elkins. Most of the best
works of our artists have been, hung in the gallery as soon as they
were finished, and the portraits of many of our prominent citi-
zens have graced the walls. Prominent among these is the face
of Mayor Medill, by C. F. Schwerdt, which ably represents the
decided character of the man; then Collis was prolific in land-
scapes, some of which were remarkable in beautiful perspective ;
Robertson produced some fine figure pieces, and Brooks and
Mrs. Fassett excelled in crayon work.

A gallery, which is composed of loan contributions, is con-
stantly changing ; the works of artists being sold, and others
being returned to their owners, but, excepting a few large paint-
ings now in the Exposition, the visitors to the Institute gallery,
at the present time, find nearly all the important paintings of
the past season. Here is the unbroken Crosby collection, with
the famous Yo Semite of Bierstadt, the excellent figure piece,

60 Chicago and her Exposition.

"After the Carnival," by A. Schonn, and the exquisite toilet
scene of Meyer von Bremen. These three alone are worthy of
long study, one for grandeur, another for skillful arrangement
of light and color as well as study of human character, and the
third for delicate finish.

Besides these, there are landscapes, figure pieces and bits of
nature from distinguished artists, both of this country and
of Europe. The statue of "Love," by David Richards, is worthy
of close examination, as representing the grace and sprightli-
ness of childhood, and in some positions the lines are beautiful
of Tadolini's crouching statue of "Eve after the Fall. Al-
though the Exposition required Mr. Aitken's services as the
manager of their gallery, yet he has not neglected the Institute,
and during the coming month he will be able to add many
attractions to the Institute collection; the schools will be re-
opened under competent instructors, and those who omit to
visit the Art Institute, in its pleasant location on the lake shore,
will miss one of the greatest attractions in Chicago to persons
of refinement and true culture.

MANHATTAN ARTIFICIAL MARBLE

AND ARTIFICIAL STONE.

Upon the right of the middle aisle in the south end, just
before reaching the small fountain, the visitor will find the
space of the Frear Artificial Stone Co. and Manhattan Marble
Works. The fittings consist of various devices in artificial
stone, including a handsome bay window. Mr. George A.
Frear, the original inventor of artificial stone and artificial mar-
ble is a resident of Chicago, and is personally superintending
his business in the manufacture of marble in the State of Illinois.
The works of the company are at the corner of Thirty-seventh
street and Lake avenue.

The City and its Interests. 61

It is the only manufactured marble, and contains the same
ingredients as the natural a-ticle which is quarried out of the
earth. It takes a polish that is, if anything, finer than the
other, and is capable of sustaining an equal amount of strain.
It can be made into all shapes and in imitation of all the cele-
brated articles, the colors being blended and- veined in the
thickness and depth of the material as in the natural marble,
not being merely surface imitations, like graining or the colors
floated on enameled slate. It can be sawed, dressed, and fin-
ished equal to the finest and most costly material. It is infinitely
superior to all imitation marbles and combines, with greater
cheapness of production, the advantages of being harder, more
manageable, and more easily applied.

Nothing has ever been used equal to the effect of the Man-
hattan marble, and, like artificial stone, it will rank among the
most valuable inventions of the age.

Its great point is its cheapness, costing about, one-sixth of
the price of the natural article, and being as durable and beau-
tiful in every respect. Indeed, put a specimen of each side by
side and it is hard to tell the difference.

Works for the manufacture of this marble have been estab-
lished in New York, Boston, and other large cities, extending
even to California. A company, with a capital stock of
$600,000, has recently purchased the patent right for the
State of Missouri, and have established their works at St. Louis.

Every feature of this valuable invention points to success,
and bids fair to be one of the most prosperous patents of the
age.

THE GUIDE PROPER.

This department of the book is intended to comprise a
mention of every object of especial interest in the Exposition,
and an extended notice will be given whenever a subject is
found to be deserving. .*

We intend to make this department such, that the visitor
shall depend upon it as a guide to every display that is worthy
of particular attention and examination.

The Exposition was formally thrown open to the public on
the evening of Thursday, September 25. It was estimated that
there were 25,000 people in attendance during the evening, and
the enthusiasm of the vast assemblage was, everywhere through-
out the hall, marked and emphatic. Expressions of commen-
dation for the admirable success of the Executive Committee
in the prompt and satisfactory execution of their great under-
taking were heard on all hands, and the people of Chicago were
justly jubilant and proud of the result.

Mr. N. S. Bouton, as Chairman of the Executive Com-
mittee, irl an address recounting the work done, formally
delivered over the building to the Board of Directors. In the
absence of Mr. Potter Palmer, Mr. W. F. Coolbaugh, one of the
vice-presidents, acted as President, and accepted the building
in an elaborate and practical speech.

Mayor Bond then delivered the address of welcome, which
was followed by speeches from Governor John L. Beveridge
and Senators John A. Logan and Oglesby. The exercises were
interspersed with music by Professor Hoffmann's band, which

77/6' Guide Proper. 63

has been engaged to furnish the music during the continuance
of the Exposition.

The general appearance of the Exposition, is by far, more
impressive and pleasing than that of anything of the kind ever
gotten up in this country. This is owing, in a great degree,
to the admirable architectural arrangement of the building
the whole display, with the exception of the Art Gallery, being
visible to the eye at a glance.

Upon entering, the first object that attracts attention is the
oriental pagoda of Gunther, the great candy man. He has dis-
played unquestioned taste in the getting up of his establish-
ment. It is octagonal, resplendent with mirrors, and rich in
its burden of all sorts of the excellent confections for whose
manufacture Mr. Gunther deservedly has been placed at the
head of his line of trade in Chicago. The stock includes bon-
bons, bonboniers, chocolates, domestic and foreign candies, and
confectionery articles of the greatest variety, probably, ever
displayed in the West. These articles are for sale, and a dozen
men are kept busy day and night in dealing them out to the
eager throngs which continually press around the stand. In
connection with Mr. Gunther's display, and over near the door
of the Art Gallery, is the great Matthews' soda fountain, which
is undoubtedly the grandest single piece in the Exposition. It
was manufactured by John Matthews, of New York, the largest
and finest manufacturer of fountains in the world, and who has
taken premiums at London, New York, Paris and Vienna.
This is the finest soda fountain ever made. It is of the
purest marble, with silver and glass stands, nearly fifteen feet
high, and is in the shape of an octagonal pyramid. With
its elegant finishing, it is worthy of mention as a work of art.
Close beside it is the apparatus for the manufacture of the soda
water, which operation is open to the examination of visitors.
Gunther's soda is continually flowing, eight men being employed
at the fountain to dispense this delightful nectar.

64 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE CENTER FOUNTAIN.

The large fountain, which is in the center of the hall and
directly opposite the main entrance, of necessity attracts the
attention of the visitor. It, with its tasteful surroundings, was
furnished by Messrs. Gould Bros. & Dibblee. It is thirty-one
feet high from the foundation, and has a diameter of forty feet.
The base is surrounded by an interesting collection of relics from
the fire, consisting of melted glass, china ware, iron and ruins
of all kinds. In the water there #re two floating lilies, with
streams of water spurting from the blossoms, which will attract
attention for their novelty. There are a number of devices
forming the subsidiary fountains, of which there are twelve, in-
cluding two standing callas, which are worthy of mention.
Around the fountain are groups of statuary, and various devices,
including sphynx, griffins, lions, tigers, dogs, etc. In the
water are artificial swans, ducks, frogs, etc., all from the firm of
Messrs. Gould Bros. & Dibblee.

4

THE ELEVATOR.

Very few visitors will fail to go up in the elevator. It af-
fords a splendid view of the city, and a look across the lake.
Besides the ride to the top of the building is something to talk
about. The elevator is 160 feet in height, and was put up by
the Crane Brothers Manufacturing Company. The crowd is so-
great, and it being impossible to accommodate all who apply,
the managers have decided to charge a fee of ten cents for each
passenger. Many persons who use elevators, or have ridden up
and down on them, know little of their mechanism. Here it is
all displayed for inspection. An examination of the self-act-
ing engine, the wheels winding the wire rope, etc., will prove-
interesting.

AMORY BIGELOW.

The Elgin Board of Trade is represented in this city by Mr.
Amory Bigelow, commission merchant, No. 101 South Water

The Guide Proper. 65

street, and Mr. Bigelow has secured ample space, and has
displayed in the Exposition the various lacteal products of the
farmers and dairymen in the rich region around Elgin, from
which Chicago derives its main supply of good milk, and its
best cheese. Mr. Bigelow's place is on the right side, going
down, and near the south end of the hall. He is also agent for
the Benton Harbor Packing Company, and displays a large
amount of its goods, consisting of canned fruits and vegetables.
He has an attractive and massive pyramid of cans, comprising
over three thousand. It will be interesting to state, as giving
some idea of the extent of its business, that the company this
year has packed twenty thousand cases of their Evergreen Sugar
corn, each case containing two dozen cans, making four hun-
dred and eighty thousand cans of corn, besides two hundred
and forty thousand cans of tomatoes and hominy.

THE STANDARD MACHINE THE OLD BUCKEYE.

The finest fruits of the career of this successful machine are
on exhibition in the agricultural implement department in the
shape of mowers and reapers. These are not "show pieces,"
they are working representations of the Standard Machine of
the country the first two-wheeled machine to succeed in prac-
tice, and the only one that has held the market for sixteen years.
Further, the "Buckeye" was not only first of its kind in time,
but, on ex-amination, will show that the machines exhibit real
advances in the improvements upon them. It is the general
belief that, as a mower, it cannot be excelled, at least such is its
history.

But the most important improvement is the new table-rake ;
it is unlike any other rake; it both compresses the gavel, de-
livers the gavel so as to have the heads away from the standing
grain, rakes it at will according as the grain stands, thick or
thin; and is so simple in its construction that it cannot add
materially to the draft over the ordinary dropper. The rake is
independent of the reel.

66 Chicago and her Exposition.

Another great point with the "Buckeye" is its slow motion
for reaping. By a slight change, which is effected almost in-
stantly, the motion of the sickle is reduced one-half, and the
stroke doubled. This lessens the draft, reduces the friction,
and almost entirely makes the machine noiseless. It also has a
rolling motion, by which the cutter bar and reel can be raised
or lowered, while in motion, with a single lever.

C. Aultman & Co., 01 Canton, Ohio, have also one of their
celebrated "Sweepstakes" threshing machines and mounted
horse powers on exhibition. It would be well for all thresher-
men to examine the principal material mechanical execution and
practical utility of this machine.

THE ROOT WROUGHT- IRON SECTIONAL SAFETY

BOILER.

Of the two main boilers furnishing power to the Exposition
the Root Wrought-Iron Sectional Safety Boiler was the first in
place, and, a fact remarked by every exhibitor in the department
of machinery, it furnished for two weeks the whole of the power
used doing, with apparent ease, the work for which two boilers
were considered necessary.

The Gnidf Proper. 67

This boiler is acknowledged by the most prominent en-
gineers in America and Europe to be the safest and most
economical boiler in use. Steam can be raised from cold water
in from ten to twenty minutes, abundant in quantity, and, ^-hat
is of the greatest importance, is perfectly DRY, a quality not
possessed by the steam from other boilers. For many years it
has been in use in many of the largest establishments in the
country many having ordered additional ones after satisfying
themselves, by actual use, of their superior qualities. One
engineer says: "I know one in Wayne Co., Michigan, that
has had hard usage in a saw-mill, and at the end of seven years
is as good as ever." These boilers are used for all purposes
(heating and power) for which steam is required, and are fur-
nished in sizes from three to one thousand horse-power. It is
constructed of uniform and interchangeable parts, and, besides
being safe from destructive explosions, can be easily enlarged,
and all parts are accessible for cleaning, repairs or removal.
There are over one thousand in use in the United States, and as
many more in England, on the continent of Europe, in the
West Indies, Mexico and various parts of South America.
Prize medals were awarded it at the American Institute, New-
York, Kings county, L. I., Atlanta, Ga., and New Orleans.
Also at the great Exposition in London and at Lima, Peru. At
all these places it was subjected to the severest critical tests.
It is especially adapted to the sales of engine builders and ma-
chinery dealers, as it is not necessary to keep a boiler of each
size on hand in order to have an assortment of sizes, but a
moderate stock of tubes, fitted with heads and return bends,
which can be put together to form any size required.

The company also manufacture trunk, square, and horizontal
engines, water and damper regulators, steam traps and other
articles for steam users.

The headquarters of the Root Steam Engine Co. is at 500
Second avenue, New York city. The Chicago office, 128
La Salle street, Isaac Russell, Agent.

68 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE BABCOCK FIRE EXTINGUISHER.

The Babcock Fire Extinguisher is most admirably repre-
sented. Its space is near the elevator, in the north part of the
hall, and the display will not fail to attract attention. It con-
sists of a No. 3 fire engine, the next largest size of their make,
a hook-and-ladder truck, about three hundred hand-extinguish-
ers, and other articles necessary to the complete outfit of a fire
department. The Babcock Extinguisher has, by order of the
executive committee, been placed all over the building, and
the fire department has detailed an adequate force to work the
large engine*, in case of fire. This force is on duty day and
night. Mr. Jas. Smith, the gentlemanly agent of the Babcock,
is always on hand, and will cleverly explain to all the workings
of this admirable invention.

THE HAT AND CAP TRADE.

There are few among the oldest of our city residents to
whom the name and countenance of Brewster, the original
proprietor of the ancieht and famous Sherman House hat store,
has not been familiar during the past seventeen or eighteen
years. The location af this old and popular hat store was for
many years upon what afterward became the site of the first
Sherman House, and for ten years after the opening of the
hotel, and until the day of the conflagration, was identified
with the hum and busy life of that great establishment, and
known to the community and to visitors and strangers from
far and near, as the headquarters of our retail trade for the
very beat and most select manufactures of hats, caps, ladies'
furs, and fine classes of goods. After the fire the store was
re-established in branches on West Madison Street, and on
Twentieth Street opposite Field & Leiter's. The new and per-
manent location in the rebuilt district is in very handsome,
modern quarters at No. 134 Clark Street, corner Madison. Mr.
Brewster is the only Chicago agent of the " Dunlap" silk hat,
from the famous Fifth Avenue hatters, New York, the most pop-
ular dress hat ever manufactured. Perhaps the most complete

The Guide Proper. 69

as well as most select assortment of fine hats, fine caps, fine
furs, etc., to be seen in any establishment in the West, is that
on private "exposition" at this popular store.

THE SEWING MACHINES.

The sewing machine people are all together in the first aisle
to the left upon entering. There are no less than fourteen dif-
ferent makes and they present a conspicuous array. The
tenacity of the sewing machine agent is something with which
the community, from the palace to the humble hut, is well ac-
quainted ; and it has become the fashion to consider him a sort
of semi-monster the terror of all housekeepers; but here he is
tame and we can lay our hand upon his mane and caress him,
he is so kind. In the Exposition he becomes a civil creature,
and polite withal ; ever ready to answer questions, and seldom
clinging to the innocent visitor, with an unending appeal to
buy one of his machines. In fact, the sewing machine people
of the Exposition, are clever and accommodating, always ready
to answer questions, and point out and explain the merits of
their machines, when requested to do so.

Going down the aisle from the door, we come first to the
Grover & Baker; then the Wheeler & Wilson, Remington,
Victor, Davis, A. W. Percy, (who has all kinds of machines)
Singer, Blees, Florence, Weed, American, Wilson, and Home.
On the opposite side of the aisle is the Goodrich tuck marker,
which deserves mention among the sewing machines, being an
appendage adjustable to any of them.

Before leaving this aisle, we will ask the visitor's attention
to several objects of interest in it. At the head of it, on the
left hand side, the first thing that attracts the eye is the display
of Brown Bros., sidewalk light manufacturers. This house is
claimed to do the largest business of the kind in the world, and
is a well-known Chicago institution. It has already been men-
tioned in our sketch of Mr. Edwin Lee Brown, who is a
member of the Executive Committee of the Exposition.

Adjoining Brown Bros., is a tastefully arranged display 01
saws and hardware, by Henry Disston & Sons.

jo Chicago and her Exposition.

Next is the Colburn confectionary exhibition, consisting of
a candy factory in practical operation. This will attract
unusual attention.

Several printing presses, and the Chicago type foundry in
operation, complete this side of the aisle.

BRICK MACHINES.

Coming to the end of the first aisle, we will turn around to
our left and come up the next, where we find a number of brick
machines, including the "American Brick Machine," "Gregg's
Excelsior Brick Press," with a model in operation, and " F. R.
Clarke's Portable Brick Machine."

MINING MACHINERY.

Crowded in among these machines, is some ponderous min-
ing machinery, which will attract attention. It is made by
Whelply & Storer, of Boston, and includes a crusher, and pul-
verizer. It was the original intention to have this in practical
operation, but the power required was too great.

MISCELLANEOUS.

In the region of the brick machines is the display of the
Rochester (N. Y.) Manufacturing Co., consisting of one engine
and two cutting lathe machines, an upright and a horizontal
boring machine, and the Forsythe "Black Crook" moulding
machine.

Adjoining this, on our way up the aisle, is the display of
the Corrugated Elbow Co., Silver & Deming's meat choppers
and stuffers, shown by Edwin Hunt & Sons ; D. R. Sperry &
Co., hollow- ware, cauldrons, etc., Batavia, 111. ; a display of
wire-work ; and then the elegant domicile of the Elgin Watch
Co. This brings us to the end of the aisle.

We turn around to our left now, stopping to examine the
interesting process of making watches, and go down the next
aisle, which is the third one from the west wall. Here we find
hardware by ], L. Wayne & Son ; Parkhurst & Wilkinson with
their iron and wagon stock; tin-coated pipe by H. Lissberger,
and the display of the Illinois Iron Bolt Co., of Carpentersville.

The Guide Proper. 7 1

THE GREAT BELL.

On the left-hand side of this aisle will be found the great
bell which deafens every body when it rings. It weighs 5,025
pounds, and was made by the Troy (N. Y.) Bell Foundry. It
now belongs to the Temple Baptist Church of Chicago, being
a present from Mr. N. F. Ravlin.

STOVES.

The stove men now attract our attention. There are four-
teen large firms and foundries represented, and they spread
over a large amount of space. The exhibitors are Merwin
Church, S. H. Rathbone & Co., Chicago Stove Works, A. E.
Leavenworth, Burdett, Smith & Co., Ben. E. Givaudan & Tres-
ted, Jr., Bangs Bros., Tillotson Bros. & Co., Fuller, Warren &
Co., Cooperative Foundry Co., of Rochester, N. Y., Tibbals,
Shirk & Whitehead, of Erie, Pa., J. P. Dalton & Co., and
Jewett & Root. Patterns of all kinds, from the extensive range
to the bachelor's miserable subterfuge for a wife and home, may
be found among {his vast collection. We will ask the visitor
to stop a few minutes while we talk of some of these patterns.

Among the articles which form prominent features, is
the " Sample Cook " for coal or wood, made by the Barstow
Stove Company, and supplied in Chicago by Merwin Church,
300 and 302 State street. Mr. Church is a very extensive
dealer in all branches of dining-room, kitchen and household
hardware, cook stoves, parlor stoves, tin and brass, iron and
zinc, plated silver and willow goods, etc., etc., his establish-
ment being familiarly known during a period of many years as
the "Housekeepers' resort," an appropriate title for a grand
popular depot of all the modern improvements and inventions
in the furniture and equipment of dining-rooms and kitchens.
The sample stove, which forms a conspicuous item in the dis-
play of iron goods in the Exposition, is unquestionably an
honest and substantial improvement in modern kitchen conve-
niences, and worthy of its fame and popularity. Its advantages
readily become apparent to the multitudes to whom its construc-
tion and operation is explained.

72 Chicago and her Exposition.

A USEFUL INVENTION.

Among the useful arts, patents and inventions which form
conspicuous features of the great show, and which, from their
adaptation to the conveniences of commerce, attract the atten-
tion of practical-minded people, are the oil tanks and transpor-
tation cans of the Shipping Can Manufacturing Company, 46
and 48 West Lake street. The oil tanks are big barrels of
heavy galvanized iron, wooden bottom ; a gauge rod, and when
ordered, a staple and hasp for padlock. A revolving dome
utilizes the top space for storage of measures and funnels, while
Evenden's patent force-pump, the most perfect apparatus ever
invented, working rapidly and thoroughly, and measuring its
own work, gives it a combination of advantages and excellen-
cies which are the results of the highest efforts of mechanical
invention. These tanks, with the Evenden Shipping Can, a
round can enclosed in an elm wood jacket, provided with an
air vent, convenient for the handling and transportation of oil,
not liable to disorder or damage by being banged about in cars
or wagons, have become already, though but recently invented,
an indispensable necessity to druggists and oil dealers. It has
the endorsement of every druggist and oil dealer in Chicago,
as a great practical invention.

PATENT ROOFING AND FIRE-PROOF COMPOSITION.

A great deal of interest is manifested by visitors in the dis-
play of fire-proof roofing material, and the specimens exhibited
by Messrs. Smith, Clements & Company, manufacturers of the
Challenge Fire and Water-proof roof for buildings and cars, and
of the Challenge fire-proof paint for the protection of wood,
tin and iron, have been the subject of attention and rigid exam-
ination by multitudes of builders, architects, mechanics and
scientific people. This is the same roofing a public test exhi-
bition of which in the Court house yard two or three months
since against competing and rival patents, achieved for it and
the manufacturers so decided a triumph, winning the applause,
in true theatrical style, of the multitude of spectators, including
architects, contractors, manufacturers, insurance agents, city

The Guide Proper. 73

officers, etc. The Challenge roof which seems now to have
achieved a permanent popularity, and will enter largely into the
structure of our fire-proof buildings is a solid and tough com-
position of gravel and asphalt with liquid sand, the liquid being
a solution of pure silicate with caustic soda and water, the com-
bination of the silicate and soda being effected under the
agency of heat. The gravel composition has in it thirty per
cent, of oxide of iron. Practical chemists who have subjected
the composition to their severest tests say that while it repre-
sents the incombustible agencies in their most perfect form,
it will also resist atmospheric action and is indestructible by the
elements. Among the new blocks, the proprietors of which
have adopted the Challenge roof, are Field & Leiter's great
building; the Hamlin block ; Hemlock block ; Chicago Type
Foundry, and scores of the finest new residences that now dec-
orate the new city. The patentee of the Challenge roofing and
fire-proof paint is Mr. J. B. Slichter. Office of the firm, No.
119 Dearborn Street, rooms i and 2.

In among the stoves in the third aisle will be found the
steam heating apparatus of A. L. Winne & Co., including their
specialty in the way of a cast iron radiator.

Going up the fourth or center aisle, running north from the
main fountain, we find the safe and some of the scale men. The
Harris safe is first on the right. A notice of it will be found in
the article devoted to Bowen Block in a preceding page.
Opposite the Harris safe is Hall's, who makes a magnificent dis-
play, as usual. Down this aisle we find, among the more
prominent exhibitors, L. Wolf, copper and brass work ; Thorp's
portable burglar alarm ; continental bolt and manufacturing
works; Dane, Westlake & Covert, globes, chandeliers, etc.;
The Wyandotte and North Chicago Rolling Mills; The Joliet
Iron and Steel Co.; Kimbark Bros. & Co.; The Providence
Tool Co.; ending with the Babcock display.

74 Chicago and her Exposition.

KIMBARK BROS. & CO.

THE CELEBRATED CHROME STEEL.

This firm, which is the largest dealer in heavy hardware^
iron, steel, nails, and wagon and carriage material in the whole
West, and is said to carry the largest and most complete stock
of any house of the kind in the country, makes a display in the
Exposition which is in every way in keeping with its standing
in the business community. Its location is on the right hand
side of the center aisle, about thirty yards north of the main
fountain. The display consists of blacksmiths and carriage-
makers' tools, railroad and miners' picks, mill tools, stone-cut-
ters' tools, wagon wood-stock, comprising spokes, hubs, wheels
and carriage wood-stock of all kinds, axe, pick, sledge and
hammer handles.

This well-known house has been established twenty-one
years. It was first E. G. Hall & Co., then E. G. Hall, Kim-
bark & Co., then Hall, Kimbark & Co., and is now Kimbark
Bros. & Co. Its trade extends all over the West, Northwest,
and far into the South, doing a considerable business in Texas
and other States. It has even shipped goods to Pennsylvania
and Ohio, though that seems like turning the stream of trade
in an opposite directions. However, it was not considered a
thing very extraordinary for Chicago enterprise when it made a
river to turn and flow back toward its original source.

Messrs. Kimbark Bros. & Co. are agents for the celebrated
Chrome steel, which is claimed, by those using it, to be supe-
rior, in every respect, to Carbon steel, not excepting the
choicest brands of foreign or home manufacture. It is now
used in many of the largest railroad shops in this county, to the
entire exclusion of Carbon steel, and in every case has proved
its great worth and economy. Its chief points of merit are:
that it can be worked to a 'white heat without fear of injury;
that it will weld without sand or borax ; that each grade is uni-
form in quality and never varies ; that when worked, as directed,
is superior to and more economical than any other steel. When
hardened, it cannot be drilled by Carbon steel, and is particu-

The Guide Proper. 7 5

larly adapted to turning down the chilled tread of car or steel
driving wheels. Tests made with this steel at West Point,
under supervision of II. S. A. officers, show the extraordinary
strain of 198,970 Ibs. to the square inch. The highest ever
obtained with Carbon steel was 132,909 Ibs. It is the only steel
which would stand the strain required for the anchor bolts and
staves to be used on the gigantic bridge connecting St. Louis,
Mo., with Illinois, of which Capt. Eads is the chief engineer.
He makes elaborate mention of this fact in his report of
October, 1871.

The establishment of Kimbark Bros. & Co. is at Nos. 80, 82
and 84 Michigan avenue.

FARMING IMPLEMENTS.

The reapers and mowers occupy the second aisle from the
east wall, and present quite a formidable and not unattractive
display. Here is where the farmer will tarry longest. Here is
something that interests him. There are seven different pat-
terns of reapers and mowers, comprising the Johnston, the
Buckeye, W. A. Wood's, Seymour, and Morgan's, the Marsh
Harvester, the Champion, and McCormick's.

NATIONAL LITHOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE.

Across the aisle from the elevator, in a southwesterly direc-
tion, is the headquarters of the National Lithographic Institute.
Here may be found the best picture of the building made. It
is an admirable lithograph in three colors, and is sold at only
fifty cents a copy, the usual price being a dollar and a quarter.
It is an ornament to any collection, and is meeting with a large
sale. Messrs. Essroger, Ruehlow & Co., are the proprietors of
the Institute, with their main office in the Staats-Zeitung build-
ing. They execute chromo and color work of every descrip-
tion, decalcomania work, (or printing of colors on metal or
glass, by a new process,) all kinds of show-cards and other work
ordinarily done by lithographers. This establishment got out
all the tickets, circulars, cuts, etc., for the Exposition, and, as
giving some idea of their promptness and capacity, it will be

76 Chicago and her Exposition.

interesting to mention that they got out eleven different kinds
of tickets, each ticket in two colors, and different colors for
each kind of ticket, all in nine days, printing 73,000 tickets in
all. The entire process of lithographic work can be seen at
their headquarters in the Exposition, c press being in continual
operation, as well as engravers at work. Particular mention of
some of the fine work turned out by this establishment will be
found in our review of the Art Gallery.

STONE PIPE.

The Chicago Stone-pipe Company occupy a stand on the
east side of the hall just south of the space given to machinery,
for the exhibition of specimen pipe of their manufacture, of
dimensions ranging from a few inches to several feet in diame-
ter, the larger pipe being intended for culvert, sewerage, drain-
age, etc., the smaller for chimney flues, chimney tops and such
water purposes and other service as requires an economical,
durable and indestructible material. The pipe is made of a
hard and very strong cement based on a superior quality of fire
sand, and the judgment of a large number of practical critics,
who have given it a thorough examination, is decidedly in its
favor as the very best pipe ever constructed for drainage, sewer-
age and the other purposes for which it is designed. An exten-
sive manufactory for turning out the pipe is in successful
operation at Hyde Park. The officers of the company are,
Geo. K. Clark, President and Treasurer ; R. I. Randolph,
Superintendent. The Chicago office is at No. 172 LaSalle
street.

PIANOS AND ORGANS.

A distinguishing feature of the Exposition is the mammoth
show of pianos and organs, the space alloted to this department
being a broad area directly south of the central fountain, and
divided between a half dozen exhibitors, the first being the
enclosure of the St. Louis Manufacturing Company and the
Mathusek pianos and Taylor & Farley organs, comprising the
agencies of John Melter, No. 100 East Madison street. The

The Guide Proper. 77

display consists of a $1,400 grand, $800 square, and $600
upright of the St. Louis manufacture, and a varied assortment
of musical merchandise.

Opposite this space are the exposition quarters of F. C.
Lighte & Co., manufacturers and dealers in pianos and organs,
1 74 and 176 State street. This firm occupies a very large
space, displaying over a dozen styles and sizes of the " Lighte"
piano, an instrument which has been in popular use in the
country since 1840.

W. W. Kimball's piano and organ department lies on the
opposite side of the avenue, and exhibits magnificent styles of
the great Hallet & Davis piano at Boston, so popular among the
German artists; a number of parlor and church melodeons,
superb specimens of the Smith's American organ, the Kimball
pianos, and the great Union piano of New York. Mr. Kim-
ball's great music warehouse is at the corner of State and Adams
streets.

Adjoining Kimball's is a great show of the Weber pianos
and general musical merchandise from the splendid store of
Julius Bauer & Co. , under the Palmer House, corner State and
Adams streets. An accomplished musician is in attendance to
give convincing and practical evidence of the perfection of tone
in the Weber pianos.

REED'S TEMPLE OF MUSIC.

Messrs. A. Reed & Sons, corner Van Buren and Dearborn
streets, have contributed a very tasteful ornament to the great
Exposition building, in the erection on the ground space as-
signed them, of a little temple of music, a pretty specimen
of minor architecture in the gothic style, for the display
of their pianos and organs, including the renowned Chicker-
ing's. Among the latter, are two or three specimens entitled
to a more elaborate notice than is possible in this connection,
two of them, the Concert Grand, and the Cabinet Grand, be-
ing claimed by the firm, to be the finest instruments ever made.
The former, a harp shape, is in a case constructed of many
kinds of fine and costly wood, contrasting the fair colors of

78 Chicago and her Exposition.

amboyne and rosewood, with the trimmings and panels of
French walnut, tulip and amaranth, with an abundance of gold
leaf carvings and gold bronze mouldings. Price, $3,500. The
Cabinet Grand is of similar material and even more tasteful in
appearance, costing, however, a thousand dollars less.

Messrs. Lyon & Healy, and Smith & Nixon, display a num-
ber of Steinway pianos, Burdett organs, and musical merchan-
dise from their store, corner State and Monroe. The Steinway
pianos attract attention by the surprising volume of tone, for
which^they are so popular among pianists. One of the instru-
ments in the collection, is the Parlor Grand which Rubenstein
used at his private quarters while in Chicago.

CHINA, GLASS AND CROCKERY.

Some half dozen of our leading firms in china, glass-ware,
crockery, plated-ware, etc. , occupy the region south of the ter-
ritory held by the piano and organ dealers. Ira P. Bowen &
Co., importers and jobbers, Nos. 262 & 264 Wabash Avenue,
occupy a good sized room with shelves and hangings for the
exposition of the finer lines of goods appropriate to the depart-
ment, including decorated French China dinner sets of very-
elaborate style and finish, ranging in price from four to five
hundred dollars; plain French China sets, numbering 150 pieces
each, $35 and $40 ; very fine kerosene chandeliers, vases,
chamber sets, and some attractive novelties in fine cut glass,
including goblets, bowls, wine glasses, etc.

Abram French & Co., 101 & 103 Wabash avenue, and 151
& 153 Milk street, Boston, display a splendid assortment of im-
ported China, glass, and earthenware, Bohemian fancy goods,
silver-plated ware, and cutlery in glass cases. Some of the tea.
sets in the display are very beautiful, and attract considerable
attention.

Messrs. Burley & Tyrrell, 274, 276 & 278 Wabash avenue,
corner Van Buren street, exhibit specimens of their French.
China, fancy goods, vases, bronzes, lamps, crockery, glassware.
etc., in elegant gfass show cases on walnut tables.

The Guide Proper. 79

The display by Messrs. Scott & Ovington Bros., in China,
glass and crockery, parian bronze, plated ware, etc., represents
a great many novelties, and some very handsome specimens of
figures, urns and vases. The Ovington Bros, have branch estab-
lishments also at 246, 248, 250 & 252 Fulton street, Brooklyn,
and 54 Rue de Paradis, Paris.

JEWELRY.

The domain of the jewelers is an area in the middle of the
southern half of the Exposition building. Among those occu-
pying considerable space, and exhibiting jewelry in large
amounts and in all its departments, are N. Matson & Co., (State
and Monroe) who have one of their large, upright French wal-
nut cases, filled with the fairest specimens of their heavy silver
wares, and suberb glass show-cases, containing jewelry orna-
ments and varieties. Among the articles that attract attention,
area highly finished silver water set, fruit dish, chipped ice
dish, solid silver knives and forks and spoons, $500 ; a silver
souptareene, $750; ivory and porcelain work, and an onyx,
pearl and diamond set valued at $2,500.

The American Clock Company directly against the quarters
of N. Matson & Co., have a wide and high frame covered with
a hundred different specimens, styles and sizes of clocks, in-
cluding those of various manufactures. The exhibition is an
interesting and attractive one.

Messss. Wendell & Hyman, 235 Wabash avenue, occupy
narrower quarters, their display being confined mainly to a
few specimens of very fine clocks, heavy work in silver, gold
ornaments, pearl opera glasses, diamonds, etc. The articles
displayed by them are of their own manufacture.

Giles Brothers & Co., at their handsome stand on the east of
the avenue, have two very elegant plate glass cases containing
samples of their coral jewelry in about forty sets, ranging from
$25 to $500 a set; pearl sets from $250 to $600; a number of
heavy silver pieces and several costly ornaments in gold and
silver, of their own manufacture.

8o Chicago and her Exposition.

The Aurora Silver Plate Manufacturing Company have also
a large stand, with several cases displaying their silver-plate tea
sets, knives and forks and spoons, ice dishes and pitchers, an
arctic ice set, etc.

KANSAS PRODUCTS.

THE ATCHISON, TOPEKA AND SANTA FE RAILROAD LANDS.

Immediately upon the right, at the head of the main stairs,
at the south end, is the display of Kansas products from along
the line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad,
occupying two sections. This road has three million acres of
lands for sale, situated in the upper Arkansas valley, the finest
portion of Kansas. The display is admitted to be the best of
all the roads, and consists of grain, grasses, brick, stone and
minerals, which are evidence of a rich and fertile country the
farmers paradise. The first object that meets the eye of the
visitor at the head of the stairs, is the rustic ticket office, trim-
med in cedar and wheat, with thatched roof, from the door of
which will be distributed circulars and bills of the road. Going
round to the .front of the display a magnificent spectacle is pre-
sented. The sign above, and running the length of both sec-
tions, is wrought in cedar with a cedar border, and is conspic-
uous to all parts of the southern portion of the hall. First ia
front comes a magnificent specimen of Tumble weed, commonly
called Kansas moss. It is five feet broad and comes from a seed
not much larger than that .of mustard. The first department of
the double section is devoted to grains in sheaths, ear and
threshed. The second is a field of wheat, a very artistically
arranged affair with osage fence and rustic gate ; also shock of
wheat with the familiar patridge among the grain. In the third
department, may be seen an exhibition of Kansas fruits,
of the varieties which took the gold medal over displays from
all parts of the country at the great fruit fair at Philadelphia
two years ago.

Then there is a beautifully framed representation of the seal
of the State, "Ad Asjra per Asfcra." " To the Stars through

The Guide Proper. 8 1

Difficulties," a motto peculiarly appropriate to wounded and
sorely-tried Kansas. Next, the visitor will find an attractive
display of minerals, with specimens of the purest gypsum that
the world affords. This grows in large bluffs along the
line of the road, and, where the country is fully developed, will
be one of the chief commodities of commerce of that rich
section. The ochre brick are of a beautiful red, while the
column of stone contains ten different kinds of the finest build-
ing material. The vegetables give promise of a farming soil
unsurpassed. This display of vegetables secured the premium
over all competitors at the recent Kansas City Exposition. A
watermelon weighing fifty-eight pounds will make the eyes of
the farmer water. There is also cotton, salt and tobacco of
the finest qualities. Altogether, this region presents an invitation
to the agriculturist full of promise in the yielding fullness of its
soil, its genial climate, and its cheap lands, that will attract an
industrious population to the lands along the line of the road,
which is already completed to Grenada, Colorado, and is
projected to the Pacific coast.

Some of the advantages offered by this over that of other
companies is, that it gives a reduction of one-fifth of purchase
price for improvements. There is an abundance of coal imme-
diately on the line of the road ; pine lumber is transported
from the Mississippi at low rates ; they give eleven years credit ;
water, when not found in running streams, can be secured by
digging to a depth varying from six to thirty feet ; the climate
is infinitely superior to that of any other land-grant road, and
the altitude (being 2,000 feet above the level of the sea) at
once guarantees a vigorous and bracing atmosphere. Here is
an attractive home for the farmer.

82 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE> DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY.

The entire extreme north end of the hall is devoted to the
display of machinery. Of this Mr. Augustus J. Scoville is the
Superintendent. Mr. S. is well known in Chicago, having been
a master mechanic here for twenty-seven years. He put up the
first machine in the shops of the Illinois Central Railroad, and
had charge of their shops at the time they started, and continued
there for a long time. He has been similarly connected with
other large establishments. Under the circumstances the short
length of time at command and the immense amount of work
to be done the managers of the Exposition considered the ser-
vices of Mr. Scoville an absolute necessity. The wonderful
order which he has brought out of the chaos, that existed there
during the week preceding the opening, fully substantiates the
surmises of the committee, and commends their good judgment
in the selection of Mr. Scoville for this important position.
The work of placing and arranging the machinery has proceeded
without balk or hindrance since the day it first commenced to
arrive ; and when it crowded in, wagon load upon wagon load
and car load upon car load, he had a designated place for each
piece, and everything went on as smoothly as if he had had a
couple of months instead of a couple of weeks in which to dis-
pose of the applications for space, and prepare for the reception
of the material. To tue exhibitors Mr. Scoville has given entire
satisfaction in every respect, and we have not been able to hear
a word of complaint from any quarter. This is an unusual com-
pliment to the efficiency, executive ability, and experience of the
person placed in such a trying situation as that in which Mr.
Scoville has acquitted himself so creditably.

POINTS OF INTEREST.

Those interested in the workings of machinery will linger
long in this department, and inquire and examine for them-
selves. There are so many different articles that it would be
tedious to enumerate them all. The best, then, that we can do
under the circumstances, is to point out some of the more

The Guide Proper. 83

interesting ones and leave the others to be explained by the
owners and attendants themselves.

THE GREAT ENGINE.

The immense Corless engine, which runs the main portion of
the machinery, is of 175-horse power, and works to a charm.
It is one of the largest engines in the city, and is larger than the
one at Cincinnati and equal to three or four of those at
Louisville.

The Frank Douglass Manufacturing Co. is said to have the
most creditable display, taken as a whole, of any of the large
establishments represented. It is on the east side of the hall
and occupies a large space, furnishing its own power from one
of the company's Baxter engines and boilers combined. Its
machines are numerous and interesting.

Just north of the reapers and mowers will be found the
establishment of Lewis, Oliver & Phillips, of Pittsburgh, Pa.
A furnace in full blast, and a ponderous machine, making bolts
and rivets from the red-hot iron, will attract the attention of
every visitor, while several other machines of a kindred nature
will receive more inspection from the skilled mechanic.

In the display of James, Roche & Spencer, at the foot of
the northeast stairway, will be found a magic band saw, sawing
puzzles out of blocks, which, while interesting the general pub-
lic, calls the attention of mechanics to its wonderful capacity
and utility.

In the display'of Fraser & Chalmers will be found a diamond
drill and a centrifugal pump, which will attract attention.

The Northampton Emery Wheel Co. , of Leeds, Mass. , have
an excellent display of emery wheels near the extreme north end
of the hall. Champlin & Rogers also make an exhibit of emery
wheels.

Not far from this display will be found a newly-invented
machine for cutting out chair seats. It is exhibited by Cross &
Wheerer, of Wisconsin, the owners.

The practical display of the Chicago Stamping nnd Tinnery
Works cannot fail to attract attention. A half dozen young

84 Chicago and her Exposition.

ladies, in red working jackets, are busied from nine in the
morning till ten at night, in the manufacture of tin cans by
machinery.

In the way of pumps there is an ample exhibit. W. & B.
Douglass, against the north wall, have an attractive assortment,
and lead off in their line, while the steam force-pump men are
numerous and make good displays. The Cope & Maxwell
Manufacturing Co., of Hamilton, Ohio, will be found just to
the northwest of the great elevator, with four of their best
pumps in operation. Walworth, Brooks & Co., on the other
side of the elevator, have a vigorous pump in operation, while
a Pulsometer, a Vacuum Pump, and other new inventions are
situated in the region thereabout.

C. Mason & Co. make a good show of boiler fronts, lamp
posts, etc.

The Silsby Manufacturing Co., of Seneca Falls, N. Y., who
are the makers of a number of the engines belonging to the
Chicago Fire Department, display a beautiful fire engine with
accoutrements.

A Drake Rotary Fire Engine, of Chicago invention and
manufacture entire, will be found a few steps north of the eleva-
tor. It is something new in the way of a fire engine.

By the side of their elevator, Crane Brothers make an exhi-
bition of elevator machinery, brass goods, and other work of
their manufacture

Near here, and out of the region of its species, will be
found a Hubbard Reaper and Mower, newly invented, and
claiming advantages over the others which will be explained
upon inquiry.

Heath & Hobkirk make an interesting display of moulding
and planing machines

The Ames Iron Works, of Oswego, N. Y. , have a large dis-
play of portable engines, and machinery of that character.
Their space is near the large engine, and Mr. Eaton, their
agent, and his employes, will be found there during the day
and evening.

The Guide Proper. 85

S. H. RANSOM & CO.

In the display of stoves, one firm S. H. Ransom & Co., 10,
12, 1 4 and 16 River street, whose great foundry at Albany, N. Y.,
is said to be the most ancient institution of the kind in the coun-
try, turning out goods enough, with all the improvements that
nearly half a century's practical experience has suggested, to
supply several States occupy space sufficient for the conspicuous
exhibition of a large stock representing the multitude of styles,
forms, and sizes of various patents, and inventions in cook stoves,
parlor, office, warehouse, and dining-room stoves, etc., some of
them representing the perfection of mechanical finish in iron
goods. Among those which form conspicuous objects of attrac-
tion, are the Light-house self-feeding, base-burning heating stove,
the Vanguard cooking stove, for soft coal or wood ; the modern
Vulcan cooking stove, for hard coal or wood, besides a great
variety of coal and wood heating and cooking stoves adapted, by
their construction, to the varied wants of all classes of people.
The Chicago branch of the company, under Mr. H. W. Bliss,
agent, is an immense jobbing establishment, and has for many
years supplied the bulk of the trade of the Northwest the im-
print of the firm on any stove being a sufficient guarantee to any
dealer.

MISCELLANEOUS.

South of the region occupied by the crockery dealers the
show begins to be general, and the first object that attracts the
eye is a stand occupied by J. A. Smith & Co., 161 State street,
giving the public some idea of their stock of natural seals,
Alaska sables, muffs, badger robes, ermine, boa, etc.; then a
large plate glass apartment, revealing selections of gorgeous
ladies' apparel, full dress silks and velvets, redingotes, lace
trimmings, an Alaska seal cloak valued at $200, and other curi-
osities of expensive attire, that create a diabolical curiosity in
beholders to know the price, all questions being courteously
answered by one of the firm of Hotchkiss, Palmer & Co., 137
and 139 State street; pretty upright show cases filled with hats,

86 Chicago and her Exposition.

feathers, flowers, ribbons and other dainties, from H. W. Weth-
erell, importer and jobber, 45 and 47 Jackson street ; architec-
tural and ornamental work in terra-cotta, from the Terra-
Cotta Company, 310 to 316 Wabash avenue; some beautiful
specimens of artificial stone work, by the Frear Stone Manufac-
turing Company, 147 LaSalle street; specimens of manufactured
marble, from the Manhattan Marble Co.; a profuse exposition of
hoop skirts and custom-made corsets, from J. Newman, the pop-
ular manufacturer, No. 90 State street ; a step farther south a
grand sample depot of zephyr worsteds, embroideries, ribbons,
laces, trimmings, notions and fancy things. A lot of the
worsteds, decorated with various figures of animals, flowers, etc.,
form a great attraction. This display is by G. Wendelson,
importer and dealer, 34 Washington street. Next in order is a
number of miniature green-houses, displaying plants and flowers,
boquets, wreaths, crosses, etc., by William Desmond, 755 Cot-
tage Grove avenue, Trefry's garden, city green house, 519
Cottage Grove avenue, and Edgar Sanders, florist, No. 92 Dear-
born street. Turning north, the visitor sees to the right of the
main avenue, the large enclosures of D. M. Wells & Co., and
Phelps, Dodge & Co., and on the left that of C. H. Fargo &
Co., jobbing firms in boots and shoes. North of Phelps, Dodge
& Co. is the

INTERESTING SCENE

of a boot factory in full blast; C. M. Henderson & Co., manu-
facturers and jobbers of boots and shoes, corner Madison and
Franklin streets, having taken the largest space in the building,
in addition to exposing a large variety of their manufactured
goods, in open cases, afford the public the additional satisfaction
of a close view of the process by which their famous country
kip boots are made. A team of twenty men, the regular force
of the house on this special line of goods, attired in a uniform
of red flannel shirts, surrounded by a constant crowd of highly
interested spectators, are seen in the various operations of cut-
ting, hacking, pegging, pounding, sewing and polishing, that
connect great pieces of uncut leather into shining boots, ready

The Guide Proper. 87

for the tough service for which they are designed. C. M. Hen-
derson & Co. employ two hundred men at their factory, turning
out, the year round, one hundred and seventy-five cases of boots
a week. They are also very heavy jobbers of Eastern sewed
boots, ladies and childrens' shoes, calf balmorals, etc. The
factory, warehouse and magnificent sales-rooms, corner Frank-
lin and Madison streets, is the most extensive establishment of
the kind in the country. Opposite C. M. Henderson & Go's.
is the enclosure of Messrs. Doggett, Bassett & Hills, manufac-
turers and jobbers of boots and shoes, 29 and 31 Lake street.

The next object that attracts attention is an enclosure of
very beautiful Scotch granite monuments, from the Scotch
granite house of J. W. Carpenter, Aberdeen, Scotland. These
monuments are from twenty-five to thirty feet high, and of mag-
nificent proportions, varying in price from $5,000 to $10,000.
The Chicago agents are W. A. Soyez and B. W. Hair, office at
Room 4, Palmer House. Mr. Albert Cripe has charge of the
stand. To the right is a display of hand-made boots, from M.
Selz & Co., 219 and 221 Madison street, prison contractors.

Next in order, is brought to view a very fine show of trunks,
valises, etc., from the stores of J. S. Smith, 204 State street,
and Haskell Bros., under the Tribune building on Madison
street ; a case of silk hats, from the well-known manufacturer,
MacKenzie, No. 103 Madison street; a gorgeous display
of. drapery, carpets, etc., from E. F. Hollister, 117 to 123
State street, and an exhibition of fine furniture, including bed-
steads, tables, chairs, sideboards, easy-chairs, etc., attracting
the attention of all visitors, and loudly praised for the elegance
of their construction and finish. This collection of sample fur-
niture is from the great factory and wholesale house of A. L.
Hale & Bro., and includes several sets of incomparable beauty.
With a view of a number of elegant show-cases from Dan Bar-
clay's factory, 141 State street, the visitor is brought back to
the territory occupied by the music dealers.

DOWN THE EAST AISLE.

Turning southward again, down the east aisle, the spectator

88 Chicago and her Exposition.

encounters in succession, among a thousand different and varied
attractions and shows, first, a splendid display of cylinder desks,
from Schaff Bros., manufacturers, Nos. 225 and 227 Clybourne
avenue ; a large frame, decorated with tin and iron kitchen
wares, from Frank Sturges & Co.; specimen billiard tables of
extra fine workmanship, from the factories of Zeller, the J. M.
Brunswick & Balke Manufacturing Company, and Stephani,
Monheimer & Hart ; a grand collection of farming tools from
Withington, Cooley & Co., Jackson, Mich.; show-cases from
Dixon & Co., 134 Lake street; school furniture from A. H.
Andrews & Co., and the Sherwood School Furniture Company;
a number of ingenious and interesting patents, among them the
Self Ventilating American Refrigerator, a self-waiting dining-
table, etc.; saddlery hardware from the establishment of S. L.
Harrell, wholesale agent for Eastern manufacturers, No. 45
State street.

IN THE OIL REGION

are represented the firm of French & Co., with a profuse exhi-
bition of oils in cans ; the Chicago White Lead & Oil Com-
pany, with an endless assortment of barrels, boxes, cans, jars,
and packages; P. M. Almini & Co., dealers in artists' mate-
rials ; Heath & Milligan, the paint manufacturers and jobbers.

THE CHICAGO TYPE FOUNDRY.

In the department of machinery and mechanical industry,
the Chicago Type Foundry, represented by one of their type-
making machines in full operation, constitutes an item of great
interest. This extensive establishment, Marder, Luse & Co.,
proprietors, is located at 139 and 141 Monroe street, and has
been turning out type for Western newspapers and job printers
for the past eighteen years, being the oldest institution of the
kind in this section of the country. The foundry employs
JAVO hundred men and operators, twelve large machines, which
turn out the best quality of metalic type, at the rate of 60,000
a day, or 21,900,000 per annum. At the little branch "foun-
dry," which the company have set up in the Exposition for the

The Guide Proper. 89

instruction of the public, in the quality of their type and their
way of making it, all the processes of melting the type metal,
casting, breaking, rubbing, setting and dressing, are clearly ex-
hibited, the processes being witnessed by multitudes of spec-
tators, the machine turning out the smooth types at the rate of
six pounds an hour, which are neatly packed in seven-pound
packages ready for handling in trade.

Another item which attracts public notice, is

A MINIATURE CANDY FACTORY,

a few steps north of the Adams street entrance, operated by
L. J. Colburn, wholesale manufacturing confectioner, whose
splendid new store, wholesale and retail, is at No. 67 East Ran-
dolph street. Mr. Colburn has been long in the business and
was the first to inaugurate the manufacture of fancy candies,
caramels, etc., in Chicago. The Exposition branch turns out
nearly a thousand pounds a day of his pure unadulterated and
delicious candies, which find a ready sale among the visitors.
On some days, when the crowd is very great, the pressure at the
candy factory becomes very much like a rush on a bank in
panic time.

THE REMINGTON SEWING MACHINE.

Third in order from the head of sewing machines will be
found the Remington. This is a new machine, but it is rapidly
becoming a general favorite, and is gaining favor in every house-
hold where it has been introduced. The manufacturers, who
are the makers of the famous Remington fire-arms, claim that
this machine is so complete as to overcome all the principal
objections that are found in shuttle sewing machines. That
which has long been sought after, by probably every sewing ma-
chine company in the land, has been obtained in these machines,
that is, an even, round bird's-eye stitch on all kinds of goods,
coarse or fine, without the use of cog wheel gears, rotary cams,
or levers, working silent and smooth while in motion, is posi-
tive proof that it will continue to run well for years without
expense. Many of the machines in market have their peculiar

go Chicago and her Exposition.

merit ; of their demerit, if they have any, it is not our province
to speak. A discriminating public must, and will, determine
that for themselves. The Remington Sewing Machines were
invented by J. T. Jones, of the company, who is well known
in the trade throughout the world as one of the pioneer invent-
ors of the practical sewing machine, and are fully secured by
recent patents. All these machines are manufactured at the
Remington Works, Ilion, N. Y., where they have ample facilities
for manufacturing in large quantities, employing the most skill-
ful mechanics, and the latest improved machinery. Much of
this machinery has been specially invented for these machines.

THE WASHING MACHINES.

The clumsy and costly old box-like washing machine, of a
few years ago, has gone out of date, and its place has happily
been taken by a handy little affair, which costs comparatively
nothing, and which every housekeeper can have always ready
for work. The washing machine men are all together, near the
extreme northeast door, and ever ready to display their wares.

THE BRISTOL WASHER.

The first to which we desire to call especial attention, is the
Bristol Washer. It is a simple but efficacious machine, which
costs only seven dollars and a half, and, in a day, will do the
work of a dozen women. It has merits which cannot be dis-
puted, and is coming into rapid and general use. Every visitor
should call and examine it in practical operation. The gentle-

The Guide Proper. 9 1

manly managers are doing the washing for the whole Exposition
gratuitously. The advantages claimed for this machine are:
That it is truly self-adjusting; automatically regulating the
pressure requisite for the finest collar or the heaviest bed-quilt ;
that it is so simple in construction that it CANNOT GET OUT OF
ORDER ; that it is made of the most durable material, (galvan-
ized iron,) which keeps it from rusting, gives it great strength
and avoids the danger of swelling in hot water ; that it dis-
penses with the use of the obnoxions cog-wheels, which so often
entangle the clothes or accidentally mash the fingers ; that it is
so constructed that it will fit either small or large tubs, or
straight boards, and will return to the wash-tub the water wrung
out, thereby preventing all slopping ; that it has greater capa-
city and efficiency than other wringers, on account of its springs
being placed away from the rolls and acting upon them by
levers, thus giving them more capacity and effect; that it works
so easy and smooth, that a little child or person of medium in-
telligence can operate it successfully, and wring the clothes as
dry as if done by the most skillful person.

THE UNIQUE WASHER.

This is an entirely new invention, having been patented only
on the gth of last September. It is of that class of washing
machines in which the garments to be washed are passed

92 Chicago and her Exposition.

between fluted rollers. The present invention consists in employ-
ing a central roller, to which is applied the power, and a series
of overlying rollers surrounding the central, said overlying
rollers being pivoted in a hinged weighted frame-work, and
adapted to slide up and down in a slide-way, to adapt them
to various thicknesses of goods or garments. The advantage
of having the rollers swing in a weighted frame-work, over
the use of springs, consists in the fact that when springs
are compressed the pressure they exert increases so that when a
thick or folded piece of cloth or garment passes through be-
tween spring-compressed rollers it receives a greater pressure
than a thin or unfolded piece ; while the weighted frame al-
ways exerts the same pressure, which pressure may be guaged
exactly to the required amount, to allow the cloth to remain
saturated with suds, no matter how thick or thin. The exclu-
sive right of this invention is for sale. Messrs. Chas. W.
Sherer and Harry McGarigal, are the proprietors. They may-
be found at all times at their place in the Exposition.

THE GALLERY.

The gallery runs the entire inside circumference of the
building, and is devoted to those exhibitors making displays
of light goods. It is two thousand feet in length and affords an
excellent promenade, with an attractive view of the grand array
of articles and the multitudinous and eager throng of sight
see-ers below.

The most attractive displays are those of the railroads, com-
prising products from the lands along the different lines of their
roads. There are eight roads represented : The Atchinson,
Kansas & Santa Fe, the Northern Pacific, the Burlington &
Missouri Railroad Company, the Iowa Railroad Land Company,
the Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, the Leavenworth, Law-
rence & Galveston, and the Missouri, Kansas & Texas. Their
location is at the south end of the gallery. More particular
mention of their displays will be found elsewhere.

The Guide Proper. 93

The clothiers occupy the central portion of the east side of
the gallery, and include Edward Ely, Wilde, Bluett & Co.,
Nutting, Downs & Sias, and many others. Indeed, this por-
tion of the gallery is almost entirely devoted to gentlemen and
ladies' furnishing goods, representing the leading establishments
of the city.

The display of textile fabrics is not so large as was expected.
This is owing to the haste with which the whole Exposition was
gotten up. Among the exhibitors will be found the Waukesha
(Wisconsin) Manufacturing Co., the Aurora Woolen Mills,
Kentucky Jeans, from the Dover Mills, the Eagle Cotton Mills,
of Pittsburg, Pa., and others.

The plow and agricultural people are all together at the
north end of the gallery, including the Climax corn planter,
and displays of plows, pitchforks, etc., by Decry & Co., of
Moline, 111., the Moline Plow Co., Peru City Plow Co., F. K.
Orvis & Co., of Dixon, 111., W. H. Banks & Co., Furst &
Bradley, Chicago Plow Co., and others.

Then, turning around, and coming down the west side, we
find the buggy men, with an immense display of carriages, bug-
gies, etc., of all patterns and improvements.

After passing the buggies, we find a long line of miscella-
neous articles, until we get to the space over the main entrance,
where we come to the telegraphic instruments. Two Chicago
firms make excellent displays, and have complete systems of
fire-alarm apparatus running the circuit of the building, and in
practical operation, which will attract the curious attention of
every visitor.

The dental men are all here together, over the main entrance,
with copious displays of grinning teeth.

Also, a man with a new invention called the letter- writer.
He plays it as you would a piano, and puts your address on
the back of an envelope, and hands it to you in almost the
twinkling of an eye.

This completes a hasty circuit of the gallery, where the
visitor, having plenty of leisure, will find more things to interest
him or her than we have time or space to describe.

94 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER.

A prominent feature of the Exposition is its daily paper,
the Commercial Advertiser, published by Messrs. Burch & Ford.
By order of the Executive Committee it was made the official
organ and daily programme of the Exposition. It is printed on
a handsome Taylor press, within the building. In it will be
found the latest news of a general nature, and also anything of
interest in the Exposition, as it may occur. The official pro-
ceedings of the Executive Committee are first made, however,
through its columns. Not content with this, its enterprising
publishers, at an early day, commenced a series of articles,
treating of the several departments of the Exposition in detail.
A special merit is its advantages as an advertising medium for
exhibitors and outside business men. In thus briefly noticing
the daily Advertiser, we take pleasure in calling the atten-
tion of Western mercantile interests to the Chicago Weekly
Commercial Advertiser, which is under the editorial and
business management of the same gentlemen. Although of
scarce a summer's growth the Advertiser, through the untir-
ing energy of its proprietors, has already won a leading
place among the commercial journals of the West. It is
printed in quarto form, in an attractive manner, on an extra
quality of paper. The market reports are gotten up with great
care, and are noted for their completeness and accuracy. The
Advertiser is devoted to the business interests of Chicago, and
has already attained a large and rapidly increasing circulation.

GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS.

The main display and main attraction in the general line of
gents' fine underwear and furnishing goods is at the apartments
of Messrs. Brown, Prior & Fisk, on the eastern gallery just
south of the music stand. This firm, who are established in
magnificent quarters in Ely's iron block, corner Wabash avenue
and Monroe street, occupying what is conceded to be the most
richly furnished and most thoroughly appointed store of the
kind in the country, are well-known as dealers in the celebrated

The Guide Proper. 95

"Sam Brown shirts," and in all the lines of the very finest
articles of gents' underwear and furnishing to be found in for-
eign or American markets. As samples of their selections dis-
played at the Exposition may be mentioned, besides a good
display of the " Sam Brown shirts," embroidered nightshirts,
cheap at $15 to $25 each; very elegant specimens of Cart-
wright & Warner's underwear, of the highest grades, of which
the firm carry the largest stock in the Northwest; silk suspend-
ers, $15 a pair; gents' kid gloves of special manufacture;
ladies' initial handkerchiefs; Vienna Exposition robes, chin-
chilla fur, $100 each; imported neck wear, etc., etc. The
trade-mark of the firm, a very dainty and exquisite piece of
embroidered printing on white satin, framed, and suspended in
the apartment, is an object of universal admiration. The firm
name at the top, the trade-mark, " an avant" below, fol-
lowed by the simple suffix, "haberdashers," are done in silk
letters so fine as to be generally mistaken for a very costly speci-
men of fancy painting. The entire show constitutes a feature
worthy of the great Exposition.

THE especial attention of the reader is asked to the card of
the Continental Life Insurance Company, which appears upon
the third page of the cover of this book.

TITSWORTH, AND DOWNS & SIAS.

Among the clothiers in the gallery will be found A. D. Tits-
worth, and Downs & Sias, who, together, make one of the most
conspicuous and attractive displays of ready-made clothing and
merchant tailoring in the Exposition. The home establishment
of these two firms is in the Lakeside Building, at the corner of
Adams and Clark streets, and is one of the oldest and most
trustworthy of its kind in Chicago, Mr. Titsworth having been
in business here since 1850. They jointly occupy a large double
store, Mr. T. representing the ready-made clothing department
and Messrs. Downs & Sias the merchant tailoring. Mr. H. G.
Purinton, than whom there is no more satisfactory or better

96 Chicago and her Exposition.

known cutter in Chicago, has charge of the cutting department.
Mr. Downs has been connected with Mr. Titsworth for over
twenty years, and has personal charge of the merchant tailor-
ing, while Mr. Sias spends most of his time in the Eastern
market selecting the latest patterns and choicest goods for
the house. In this establishment may be found a large assort-
ment of gents' furnishing goods, together with cloths, cassi-
meres, and vestings which, for extent and variety, cannot be
excelled anywhere.

THE BURDICT BOLT FORGING MACHINE.

Near the front of the northeast stairway will be found, in
practical operation, the Burdict Bolt Forging Machine. To
this we desire to call the especial attention of mechanics. How-
ever, its operations will not fail to interest the general public.
It is particularly adapted to the manufacturing of square and
hexagon heads, but is also capable of making any desired style.
One was lately put in with twenty-four and one with thirty-six
changes of dies. They are put up in the best manner, free from
gear or complication, take little power, are quickly adjusted
from one size to another, and can head bolts of any length.
Unlike other machines, where the blank is horizontal, it remains
stationary until the head is completed. Other machines clamp
the blanks tightly with the holding dies, and turn it one-quarter
or one-half around each revolution, thereby reducing the size
of the rod directly under the head where the dies strike it. In
this machine the end of the blank rests against a stop, and the
holding dies simply close on the iron and remain so until the
head is completed. The stock for the head is upset by a plun-
ger which recedes, and the forging dies, acting simultaneously
on the four sides, form the head to the required size and shape,
thus producing heads uniform in size and retaining the full
strength of the iron. It is so arranged that it will make four,
six or eight revolutions, thus giving each head twenty, thirty, or
forty blows, according to the finish desired ; then stops to dis-
charge the bolt, and is ready to receive another blank. The

The Guide Proper. 97

working parts of the machine are operated only while the blank
is being headed, thus producing the wear in proportion to the
work done. In its own works, at Buffalo, N. Y., forty-five
hundred three-quarters T head track bolts have been made in
ten hours. Messrs. Plumb, Burdict & Bernard, of Buffalo, are
prepared to furnish these machines in four sizes. Prices and all
further information can be had by addressing the above named
firm at Buffalo. At the recent Cincinnati Exposition this
machine received the silver medal and, besides, the compli-
mentary gold medal awarded to exhibitions attracting particular
attention.

CUT GLASS JAMES BERRY & CO.

The beautiful workmanship in the cut-glass window in the
architectural hall has secured it a prominent position in the
Art Gallery. Yet it is only a specimen of the quality of work
displayed in the Palmer House, the parlors of the Tremont
House, and most of our best furnished banking offices, as well
as in many elegant halls in private dwellings. James Berry &
Co., at 85 Jackson street, are so near to the Exposition that any
one may feel at liberty to call on them for information concern-
ing the difference between cut glass and embossed work. The
sharpness of the designs and the beautiful finish of their work,
can be readily seen in the window, and it will bear comparison
with any specimens in the Union.

ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS.

The stained glass window over the center of the Art Gallery
will be unnoticed by a few visitors, since it is hung so high.
The subject is the Nativity of Christ, and the proud mother is
exhibiting to wondering angels the beautiful babe sleeping in
the manger. One angel is kneeling, another has a wreath of
roses, and, beyond, the cherubs close the scene. Joseph stands
under a rustic background, with a Ipok of intelligent responsi-
bility. The grouping is easy and natural, and both the design
and execution evince the talent of the artist, Henry Goetinck,

7

98 Chicago and her Exposition.

one of the members of the firm of Otto Jevne & Co. The dra-
pery falls in graceful folds, especially from the Madonna, and
the flesh tints are good, with fine gradations of color and strong
effects of shadow. The window is 4^ feet wide and n feet high,
and is an original work of Otto Jevne & Co., whose factory is at
Nos. 224 and 226 Washington street, and who also display two
windows in the southeastern wall of the main building, represent-
ing the Good Shepherd, and ornamental work. The process
of manufacturing is to paint the glass with mineral colors, and
then introduce it several times into a kiln untdl jt is vitrified,
. and then, by "leading up," to fit the portions into a complete
Avindow. The long standing of the firm in this city, and their
skill in work, make them the leading artists in this department.

JOHN J. McGRATH.

The elegant decorating at the door of the Art Gallery was
done by the well-known house of John J. McGrath, No. 174
and 176 State street. Mr. McGrath is one of the most exten-
sive artistic decorators in the city, and to those who are not
acquainted, by actual experience, with the character of his work,
this tasteful display .will speak in terms sufficient to satisfy the
most exacting. Besides this work in the Art Gallery, there will
be found on the left-hand side of the extreme east aisle in the
south end a complete and handsomely arranged display of the
goods of this house. Their representation in the Exposition is
by far the most creditable of any establishment of the kind in
Chicago. The visitor is invited to the extensive establishment
on State street, between Adams and Monroe, opposite Potter
Palmer's Hotel, where will be found a large and complete stock
of the choicest wall paper, window shades, mouldings, and all
the appurtenances of the decorator.

CANOVA'S HEBE.

This beautiful piece of sculpture will attract the attention of
all visitors to the Exposition. Its beauty is conceded by all art
critics, who have discussed every line and expression fully. The

The Guide Proper. 99

history of this statue is romantic, and worthy of mention.
While carping critics deny that this work came from the hands
of the great Canova, they concede a master's hand in its execu-
tion. Thirty years ago, Robert J. Ward, a wealthy merchant
of New Orleans and Louisville, purchased this statue of a Span-
ish merchant who was in destitute circumstances, having fled
from Spain to avoid the penalties of participation in an insur-
rection. The price, paid was some $7,000 in gold. Ten years
ago it passed into the hands of M. Muldoon & Co., of Louis-
ville, the largest marble dealers in the world, who had large
interests in Carrara, Italy. Critics examined the statue, and a
difference of opinion as to its authorship prevailed. Mr. Mul-
doon, desiring to satisfy himself, went to Italy with photographs
of the statue, and met the celebrated sculptor Fabricotti, who,
interesting himself, introduced him to Tennerani (since de-
ceased), who was then the Pope's sculptor in charge of the art
records of the Vatican. The original Hebe was recorded as in
the royal art gallery at Berlin, and is said to have been pur-
chased at a cost of 100,000 in gold. Two other copies were
traced to reliable sources, and the third, the one now in the
Chicago Inter-State Exposition, passed out of Rome in 1820,
by permission of the Pope, into the possession of a noble of the
house of Bellagoi. Entering into one of the numerous political
complications of that country, he was arrested, imprisoned, and
his property confiscated. A Spanish merchant purchased the
Hebe, and in the course of time fell into similar political
troubles, was hunted, and finally escaped from Spain, reaching
New Orleans, as recited, with this solitary remnant of his art
treasures. From the Ward family Hebe passed into the possession
of Muldoon &: Co., who, about one year .ago, sold it for 20,000
to the Public Library of Kentucky, an extensive restitution sit-
uated at Louisville, and which owns, besides Hebe, a number of
rare and costly works of art, a museum of 250,000 specimens, a
library of over 50,000 volumes, a building costing 210,000,
and after the consummation of its arrangements, under a special
act of the Kentucky legislature, will have an endowment fund
amply sufficient to make it self-sustaining.

100

Chicago and her Exposition.

B. T. BABBITT'S BOILER.

No .one interested in the subject of steam boilers should
leave the Exposition without visiting the boiler room, which is
at the north end, just outside of the main building. Here will

The Guide Proper. 101

be found one of the greatest curiosities of the whole Exposi-
tion The Babbitt Non-Explosive Boiler. This boiler is the
invention of Mr. B. T. Babbitt, a millionaire, and proprietor
of the Whitesboro (N. Y.) Iron Works. The great point
claimed for his invention is its perfect circulation, a merit
which will be readily understood and appreciated by people
interested in boilers. It is composed of a number of cast-iron
tubes, as shown in the cut, and is claimed to be perfectly free
from destructive explosions. .Mr. Babbitt has been here him-
self, personally superintending the erection of this boiler, and
has engaged a well-known Chicago man, Mr. A. J. Scoville, of
whom we have already spoken as the superintendent of the ma-
chinery department of the Exposition, as his agent. Mr. Sco-
ville enters upon his new duties immediately after the close of
the Exposition. His office will be at No. 28 South Canal street,
Chicago.

IOWA LAND PRODUCTS.

The attention of the reader is called to the advertisement of
the Iowa Railroad Land Company, on the last page of our
book. This company has over a million and a half acres of
the most desirable lakds in the State for sale, and offers attrac-
tive inducements to the settler. The full particulars, with a
map of the lands, will be found in the advertisement referred to.

THE BRISTOL WASHER.

In the notice of the Bristol Washer, on page 91, the matter
following the commencement of the sentence in the second
line from the top should read as if it referred to the Crown
Wringer, which the Bristol Washer Company are selling in
connection with their machine. The Bristol Washer is univer-
sally admitted to be one of the best working and most effective
of all the machines displayed.

IO2 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE RESTAURANT.

The restaurant of the Exposijion is situated on the east side
of the building, being at either end of the Art Gallery. It is
kept by Anderson Brothers, of Anderson's Hotel, and is sup-
plied with all the substantiate and delicacies of the season. It
is as elegantly kept as any restaurant in the city, the bill of fare
being no costlier.

ANDERSON'S EUROPEAN HOTEL.

In this connection we desire to say a word or two about the
finest of all the many European Hotels in the city. It is situ-
ated on Madison, between Clark and La Salle streets, in the
center of the business portion of the city, and adjacent to the
Chamber of Commerce, City Hall and the depots, contains 125
rooms and furnishes meals for 900 people every day. The
rooms, single and en suite, are furnished elegantly throughout.

The Guide Proper. 103

The fame of the gentlemanly proprietors as successful hotel-
keepers is as wide as the country, and as a consequence the
establishment is the favorite resort of those visitors to the city
who prefer the European plan. Mr. H. C. Nye, the chief clerk,
is widely and favorably known a prince among hotel clerks.
Take them all together there is no European Hotel in Chicago
that we can recommend as likely to give as complete and
general satisfaction as Anderson's.

THE

ART CATALOGUE

CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE IMPORTANT PICTURES AND
OTHER WORKS OF ART IN THE ART GALLERY

mTER-STATE

INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITION

Oi- CHICAGO.

THE ART GALLERY.

The most attractive portion of the Exposition is the Art
Department, immediately opposite to the main entrance. The
gallery is divided into three rooms ; the northern one is filled
with photographs and Indian curiosities, the central hall is
occupied exclusively with oil paintings and sculpture, and the
southern room is crowded with water colors, lithographs, engra-
vings, architectural designs, and a variety of ornamental work.

In the central art-room the visitor finds a large collection,
comprising the best works of many famous modern artists, a
liberal display of Chicago talent especially in portraiture, as
well as a few poor pictures. The first place in the catalogue is
assigned to a large mountain scene by Albert Bierstadt, of na-
tional reputation, which hangs in the center of the eastern
wall. Under the title of

AUTUMN IN THE SIERRA,

the talented artist presents an almost literal view on the head-
waters of the south fork of King river, in southeastern Califor-
nia. The scenery of that portion of the State has never been
previously painted, and this is" the first time the picture has
been shown outside of California. To appreciate the scene the
visitor must imagine that he stands on a lofty peak, by the side
of the artist, and looks down upon the narrow valley of the
river which flows by the foot of the snow-clad mountain. As
soon as the visitor realizes the artist's design, he will appreciate
the relative positions of the different parts of the painting.

In the right-hand foreground there are heaped huge granite
rocks, that have been thrown by some convulsion from the cliffs

4 Chicago and her Exposition.

which rise higher and higher to an abrupt mountain pinnacle.
As the mass fell, it formed a barrier behind which the water has
settled into a quiet lake. The same convulsion which formed
the wall of the lake broke open a narrow chasm through which
the water descends, after falling in a beautiful cascade, until it
joins the stream, breaking in constant ripples in the valley, so
far beneath that the forests seem to be little larger than herbage.
In the immediate foreground a few rough trees find a foothold
among the rocks, bearing witness, by their gnarled and twisted
appearance, to the fierce storms which sweep over the hill-sides
at that great elevation. Besides these there is a little scanty
growth of the dwarf willow, peculiar to the Sierra, and of the
ground shrubs which have assumed the autumn hues. The
mountain walls on the other side of the valley, with their pre-
cipitous surfaces of gray granite, are painted with great fidelity
to nature. The lines of the mountain range are drawn in
great variety, and mark the skill of the painter. But if we
ascend to the summit, we still shall be shut off by an immense
ravine from the lofty peak of Mount Brewer, with its snow-
capped ranges, which the artist represents with true Alpine
grandeur. Grandeur and immensity are the two aims of the
painting, and in these respects the artist has fulfilled his inten-
tion. The partial admission of light and brilliant color makes
a striking effect, for it seems to strike on the stunted cedars and
twisted pines, fills the dwarf shrubs with warmth, and then is
lost on tree-tops, rocks, and the lofty mountain pinnacle. The
lakelets at the left are shown beneath the point of view,
although the upper one is at great height, and the stream flow-
ing out of it appears like a silver thread on the mountain side.
The whole painting has many of the massive effects of Bier-
stadt, but is peculiar, and differs from all of his previous works.
As a whole it is a careful representation of some of the grandest
scenery of our country, and is full of the peculiarities of the
Sierra range.

A Belgian painter, visiting the gallery, said that the pictures
reminded him of the works of Jacob Ruysdael, who flourished
two hundred years ago. It may be possible that this eminent

The Art Gallery. 5

painter of the Dutch school may have made an impression on
Bierstadt, but more probably both arrived at the same conclu-
sions, from close study of picturesque nature, and thus secured
the utmost expression to their landscapes, and powerful repre-
sentations of distance.

Turning from this grand picture, let us examine a quiet
landscape in the heart of the Adirondack mountains, by
George H. Smillie. It is known as

A LAKE IN THE WOODS,

and the beautiful sheet of water is shut in on one side by a per-
pendicular cliff whose rocky texture is very natural, and in the
distance by graceful mountain forms, covered to the summit by
the forest, sinking in the background to allow the presence of
the outlet. Nothing but water is seen in the foreground, ex-
cepting a few broken rocks and some drift-wood.

The charm of the picture is in its atmospheric effects, a dense
eloud settling on the cliff, and, just beyond, the beautiful sun-
light breaking through and filling the country with warmth.
The feeling of distance is admirably conveyed, and the eye
readily receives a conception of the scene, but in its minutest
details, in the character and texture of clouds, rock and water,
and in the formation of mountains, the painting is worthy of
close study.

A Scotch scene, by Arthur Parton, is an attractive landscape
under name of

GLENCOE.

In the center is a mountain torrent, breaking over the huge
boulders, and bounded on either side by banks which are diver-
sified in color by the profusion of herbage and shrubbery. In
the distance is a spur from the Highlands, with graceful lines of
mountain peaks. The artist has carefully represented the wild-
ness of scenery, and a soft atmosphere fills the painting. He
has diligently studied the perspective, and the branches of the
trees hang with airy grace, as though moving before the spec-
tator.

6 Chicago and her Exposition.

The same artist presents two brilliant studies of color in

THE ADIRONDACK^.

The sketches are small, but one is remarkable for the con-
trast between the clouds and the brilliant foliage of the trees,
and in the other the quiet lake only sets off the gorgeous
sunset.

The visitor cannot help oeing attracted by the beautiful
water in

LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG,

by J. C. Wiggins. In the foreground the beach sweeps around
in easy lines, with enough of variety to avoid sameness ; the
forms of the hills are beautiful, and the island in the distance
has a floating appearance, on account of the beautiful atmos-
pheric effects. It is a high compliment to the artist that his
picture does not fail by comparison with a similar lake scene by

J. F. KENSETT,

who has selected a cooler day, and hence the reflections from
the water are not filled with the same warmth. His water has
greater depth and more of the feeling of nature, and the dis-
tance of the picture has been expressed by careful handling.
The painting is a good memento of the power of this artist,
who passed away so quickly nearly a year ago.

LAKE MAGGIORE

is a beautiful Swiss scene of A. Waagon, the deep blue water of
the lake appearing in the distance, and the foreground being
filled with rocks and trees, of very good texture ; a country
cottage gives variety to the scene.

PILLAR LAKE

is a companion picture, by H. Reckmann, the water being
brought to the foreground, but there is not the same feeling of
nature, neither do the figures in the foreground seem inspired
by energy, as though reveling in the mountain air.

The Art Gallery. 7

In marked contrast to the style of the German school is a
landscape by William Hart,

AFTERNOON ON THE HUDSON,

in which the shadows have become intensified since it left the
artist's hands, but this only brings out the more strongly the
soft, warm light which shines through the whole scene, and
makes the trees to stand out with stereoscopic effect. Those
who enjoy a picture for the feeling which it awakens, will
not overlook this representation of one of our most careful
American artists.

LAKE CHAMPLAIN

is beautifully represented by D. F. Bigelow, and, in the dis-
tance, the soft and easy lines of the Green Mountains, which
every Vermonter will recognize, 'seem to meet the sky, filled
with cumulous clouds. In the foreground is a low beach, on
which lie an old skiff and scattered rocks, and a graceful elm
fills the right. Beyond, the shore sweeps away, wooded to the
water's brink, and into the shallow water a herd of cattle have
waded, having come down the road which seems to end at the
lake.

The work of an art student appears in the Riverside land-
scape, by Miss Anna C. Shaw, and she displays marked talent
in representing a western river.

J. Hammerstadt has an ambitious picture, representing the
scenery of his native land, Norway, with its huge rocks, among
which the bears are at play. Beyond the glassy surface of the
water, rise stalwart pines, but the picture has little of the feel-
ing of nature. The light is introduced in the background, but
there is not a careful study of the effect of shadow.

The finest contribution by any individual is the loan, by a
wealthy merchant, of a valuable collection, consisting mainly of
figure-pieces. Some of these are small in size, but their intrin-
sic value is very great. Two large paintings by Holfeld, of
Paris, are beautiful representations of the home life of chil-
dren.

8 Chicago and her Exposition.

THE CHRISTMAS GIFT and COMMITTING TO MEMORY,

respectively, represent a boy and girl on sofas, in similar posi-
tions, the one intently examining the pleasing present of a
picture-book, and the other as busily endeavoring to fix a pas-
sage in the memory. Both paintings possess equal softness and
show very careful treatment.

Still the attractive figure, by Plassan, of

THE BEAUTIFUL GARDENER

is by far superior, and close study will show great harmony in
color between the delicate complexion of the lady and the tints
of the flowers and drapery.

Its companion piece is by Victor Chavet ; under the title of

EXPECTATION,

he expresses the sentiment of the painting. Who has not seen
a richly dressed lady, leaning on a chair in the same attitude,
and, by her earnest gaze, showing that she hoped soon to meet
with some favorite friend ? The color of the red jacket is dif-
fused nicely through the heavy tapestry hangings of the room.

THE FOUNTAIN OF POMPEII,

by Joseph Coomans, is the finest figure piece in the room. The
flesh color of the boy, waiting his turn, appears in the beautiful
foot of the white-robed lady standing at the fountain, and is
repeated in her slender arms and beautiful face. The position
of the figures is very graceful, and an interior court of an old
Roman house is faithfully represented. The skill in drawing,
the interest in the child expressed in the lady's face, and the
stamp of refinement, show that she belonged to the educated
class.

The work of the same artist appears in the oddly-framed
picture of

THE LOCKET,

which is only a head, beautiful in the quality of flesh color, but
possessing little character.

The Art Gallery. 9

AN INTERIOR OF l6lH CENTURY,

was painted by two artists, Knarren, of Brussels, executing the
still life, and V. Taussens painting in the figure. A maid ser-
vant, with a light silk dress, holds out a plate of cherries, stand-
ing near a table, at which some one has taken a light luncheon
But Knarren makes a gold platter the center of the picture by
standing it under the table with all the fresh brilliancy of new
material, and the same color is repeated in the peel of the
lemon and absorbed by the orange, excepting that a little of
the tint appears in the rich hangings of the room.

THE QUEEN OF PEACE

is a Madonna and child on a gold panel, with the motto Regina
Pacts, by Illenbach, of the Dusseldorf school. The power of
the artist consists in his overcoming self-imposed difficulties,
and separating the golden hair and ornamented dress from the
yellow background.

THE OLD NOBLEMAN,

by Siegert, also of Dusseldorf, is a valuable painting, and both
in composition and effects is worthy of frequent examination.
The picture tells its own story : a young lady looks up with a
startled glance to find that her father, on the other side of the
table, has fallen asleep while she has been reading, and his dog
has also forgotten his watchfulness. The side of the room is
covered by an immense painting, and it absorbs the soft light
which comes from the window behind the old man, glances on
his white hair, brightens the vase of beautiful flowers, and
harmonizes with the delicate complexion of the lady.

Eastman Johnson, of New York, is making himself famous
by his paintings of common New England life, thus perpetuat-
ing the old customs ; 'and in none of his works has he better
succeeded than in

CORN-HUSKING DOWN EAST.

Rather the husking is over, and an old man sits in a chair,
tying together the golden ears of seed corn, and, beyond the
large pile of husks, his wife can be seen disappearing, while the

I o Chicago and her Exposition.

little girl stands eagerly watching the arrangement of the ears in
the proper manner.

Those who love good horses will notice

THE FORGE,

by W. Verschour, of Holland, and will admire the fine action
of the beautiful gray, the delicate intermingling of lights and
shadows on the body, and will not wonder that he resists the
rude pull of the*blacksmith who wishes to urge him to the shoe-
ing stall.

Good judges claim that the little sketch of

CONGREGATIONAL SINGING

is an original by D. Teniers, in 1628, but though ^the grouping
is good and the color is harmonious, yet the forms of the kittens
are so uncertain that' few can decide what the artist meant to
express.

The reputation of Robie, of Brussels, as a great flower
painter is sustained by

FLOWERS AND VASES,

in which the artistic carving of the larger vase, and the natural
tints of the other, made of shells, attract still more attention
than the fresh tints of the delicate flowers.

There are many representations of famous artists, but

VENICE,

by David Neal, does not give a full representation of his power
as a painter of the interior of buildings. It is true that in the
foreground is a carefully painted interior, but the attention is
diverted by the child on the floor and the woman seated on the
balcony, and with her we look out on the grand canal and the
. palaces of the beautiful city. On spires and facades a soft sun-
light falls and warms them with beauty, contrasting both with
the cold blue sky and water.

Carl Hubner has long been a leader in the Dusseldorf school,
but his

LEAVING HOME

is not a good painting. It lacks the masterly power which we

Art Gallery. \ i

wish for in his works, and the expression of the face is rather
one of bodily suffering than of mental anguish. The figure has
a forced appearance, but the rocks are well painted, yet the back-
ground is unworthy of a great artist. Hubner has painted worse
pictures than this, and some that are far better.

A FLEMISH INTERIOR,

by Von Hove, of Holland, is so small that it might easily be
overlooked, but the painting is a very good one. In an outer
court the red dress of a girl, drawing water, attracts attention,
and aids the eye to look into the shaded room from which she
has come. The architectural character and the perspective have
been faithfully studied, and the harmonies of color have been
well preserved.

Turning from this,

THE HOME OF MOTHER CAREY* S CHICKENS,

is a spirited picture by M. F. H. de Haas, of New York ; and
whether we examine the crested waves, the dashing brig or the
moving boats, in all, alike, we will find the movement of the sea,
and the poetry of nature will be stirred in harmony with the
scene. In every respect it is a grand marine picture, and is one
of the best works of this artist.

THE STUDENT

is intensely engaged with his book, and the boy presses his
hand against his face, as though he could thus better remember
the lesson ; as he tips back against the wall he is unconscious of
all surroundings. Fredericks, of New York, has happily ex-
pressed one phase of a boy's character.
The design of the picture of

THE SLEEPING NURSE,

by William Morgan, of New York, is very good, but the figure
is faulty in drawing, and the whole position seems forced. It
is true the artist means to express unintentional sleep, but there
is not the relaxation of nature. The shadows, especially in the
cradle, are good and give strength to the picture.

T 2 Chicago and her Exposition

GLIMPSE OF THE CATSKILLS,

painted by A. D. Shattuck, of New York, in 1859, does not
resemble his recent pictures. The feeling of distance has been
finely expressed and the foliage of his trees is airy and graceful.

APPLES

are well painted by M. Brown, of New York, and in position,
form, color and texture they are praiseworthy, but the back-
ground, into which the artist introduces apple blossoms, is not
as good, and does not seem to have awakened his enthusiasm.

One of the most famous of English painters was C. R.
Leslie, of American parentage, hence

SAPPHO

will attract some attention, as she sits by the sea, but the picture
has not the elaborate finish of his earlier works.

Wilms, of Florence, stands in the very front rank of all fruit
painters ;

FRUIT AND WfNE

is a good representation of his style. The sparkling wine bub-
bles in a cleai glass, the grapes are beautiful and transparent,
the vine leaf is fresh and crispy, but is it a peach or an apple
which the artist wished to paint?

Some water colors complete the group of pictures which,
through the liberality of a private citizen, have been placed on
public exhibition, but the small number of this class of works in
the Exposition and their location in another room prevents
proper notice of them. The smallest painting hung is

THE CHILD'S PRAYER,

by Meyer Von Bremen, but it is exquisite in its microscopic
finish ; the child and the drapery both being beautifully finished.
Near to it is the " Cattle Piece," by Beekhausen, of Copenha-
gen, which is good in drawing and color, although one hundred
and fifty years old. "Summer," by James D. Smillie, is only
a study of the green tints of nature, and the startled expression
of the children who cannot see the rabbit rustling the leaves in

The Art Gallery. 1 3

the " Cabbage Patch," gives additional interest to the picture
of J. Merahn. Ed. Frere, of Paris, is a famous name, but some
idea of his style can be gained from the little picture of a boy,
"Taking the Likeness," sketching a playmate.

Chicago artists are also represented in the same corner; J.
W. Dodge sends in his portrait of Washington, after studies of
the cast made by Houdon, the sculptor, and of a revolutionary
costume. A. F. Brooks has a sketch of an old woman drinking
at the fountain of Grace Church, and India ink drawings of an
old man reading his Bible, and of Robert Collyer.

To return from this stroll among the delicate water colors, to
the main art room, the forest interiors claim attention.

W. WHITTREDGE

has a beautiful wood scene, which seems to increase in beauty
with every examination. The characters of our native trees are
represented faithfully, and we long to pierce the haze and look
deeper into the wdbds.

OCTOBER WOODS,

by H. C. Ford, is marked by its dense brown patches of oak
leaves which arrest every eye. He has portrayed the red oak,
shaggy-bark hickory, linden, beech and maple, from close studies
in western New York, and the light is represented as stealing
through the tree-tops to illuminate rocks, mosses, and water, as
well as massive tree trunks. The charm of this picture lies in
the long vista, beneath the branches, to a clearing far away.

THE SYCAMORES

is an earlier painting by the same artist, and pleases many by
the careful blending of the, softer greens with the grays, as is
often seen in forest life.

ENTRANCE TO THE SOUTH PAR K

is exhibited by the gentleman owning both it and "Sycamores,"
and is a characteristic representation, by Henry A. Elkins, of
the scenery of Colorado, without being in all respects a literal
view.

14 Qricago and her Exposition.

A BROOK IN THE ADIRONDACKS,

by Charles A. Fiske, of Greenwich, Conn., introduces us into
the very heart of the tangled wildwood, and the little canvas
possesses many beauties, both in the water tumbling over the
rocks and in the fidelity to nature in the varied tree trunks.

G. S. Collis has two small landscapes, one giving a brilliant
sunset over the plains of Colorado, and the other presenting
the cool greens of a luxuriant summer in Vermont.

E. VON PERBANDT,

of Dusseldorf, paints a landscape well worthy of examination.
It is not the subject, for he only paints a pasture, with a'road
passing up the hill-side from a little brook, spanned by a single
arch ; but there is a good quality of color and a pleasing har-
mony of tone between the smoky clouds, the dense green of
the clump of trees, and the true grassy surface of the field. To
add a little warmth to the place, a white light breaks through at
the horizon and blends with the beautiful greens.

PASSING SHOWER

is a study of nature, by J. F. Kensett, and shows his sympathy
with the changeful moods of out-of-door life.

A NOVEMBER DAY

is a gloomy representation, by J. R. Brevoort, of New York,
and is true to late autumn life, but his other scene, at Fort
Gloucester, is more sympathetic.

ON THE CONNECTICUT

is another memento of the genial Kensett ; in this we can hardly
understand where the river gains such a dull color and such a
want of liquid transparency, under a sky which is singularly
warm and beautiful. A cloud, unseen by us, must throw a shadow
on the stream, for Kensett was extremely faithful in his painting.

SUNSET AFTER A STORM

is an attempt, by K. Van Elten, to portray the change in the
sky when the setting sun seems at once to break through the

The Art Gallery. 1 5

leaden clouds, although they are still casting heavy shadows
over the earth. It is carefully studied, and the effects desired
have been fully attained.

A BEACH SCENE,

by William Bradford, is a good painting, by an artist deservedly
famous in this country and in England. The quiet wave strikes
in a graceful, curved line the low, brown beach at the foot of a
dark, perpendicular cliff, and the heavy clouds are breaking
away, as though a storm had passed and the effects had died
away at low tide.

WRECK MID-OCEAN

is a more ambitious picture, and will attract many visitors.
Paul Brown, of this city, always does well in painting tumultuous
waves, and this is his best painting so far. It possesses merit in
the moving water, and in the texture of its heavy, smoky
clouds. Here is the art strength of the picture, and the sailor
clinging to the floating mast is only a local incident.

OFF SLEEPING BEAR POINT,

by the same artist, suffers by comparison. He has tried to
represent a familiar point on Lake Michigan, but his manner
seems constrained ; the vessel sits on the surface, but does not
seem to ride there, and the water is too hard to admit of grace-
ful motion. As soon as it is publicly hung its faults appear, yet
they consist of a series of little things which can be easily
remedied.

A GROUP OF FISH

is by another lover of the sea ; Samuel M. Brooks, of San
Francisco, has won a desirable reputation for success in fish
painting. The beautiful specimens from the deep are partially
hung up and partly lie on the coarse mat covering the table.
This helps the artist to group them nicely in a graceful manner;
the lobster seems in place and the little minnows have been
carelessly dropped. The happy effect of the reflected light from
the scales and the easy blending of lights and shadows make
this a valuable acquisition to the gallery.

1 6 Chicago and her Exposition.

STILL LIFE,

by P. Schneider, of Chicago, must not be overlooked. A num-
ber of objects are crowded on a table, and each is carefully
painted, yet every visitor feels the statuette looks hard. It is
right of itself, but it stands between a red cloth and the green
and purple binding of a book, and neither color nor light are
artistically carried through the picture.

GRANDPA'S LITTLE GIRL

entitles Rosa F. Peckham, of Providence, Rhode Island, to
honorable mention, and no wonder the ladies admire the sweet-
ness of the face looking out from the white furs.

BASKET OF RASPBERRIES

has been nicely overturned by Mrs. R. G. Packard, of Morris-
town, N. J., and doubtless some purchaser will gladly obtain
the privilege of gathering up the red and luscious fruit.

THE SAVOYARD

is one of the best paintings of Miss Kate Cameron, a lady who
has availed herself of a long course of study in Paris, and has
lately returned to this city.

WHO'S AFRAID !

A

is a saucy sketch by Miss Florence B. Morton, which evinces
considerable spirit and progress in correct drawing.

MRS. A. C. FREELAND

sends several little upright flower pieces, some on panel, some
on tin, often selecting sprays of flowers, which she has both
drawn and colored well.

MIRAUDOTE,

of Paris, has a large flower piece, which needs to be studied at
a distance, for the profusion of color and variety of flowers are
confusing, when examined too closely.

VAN BAHAUIZEN

has a companion picture, in which there is a great variety of

The Art Gallery. \j

roses, yet sufficiently distinct for close examination, and the
artist has transferred the fresh look of nature to the canras.
There is good study of the laws of color, and the drawing has
decided vigor.

IN THE CORN-FIELD

is a landscape by E. W. Hall, in which the foreground of a
field, filled with corn-stalks in the shock, is the least interesting
portion, for, though the painter has treated artistically the mo-
notony of the scene, yet the clear bright sky and the good
water beyond are shut off from the view. The tree at the left
is finely painted, and the visitor will find the picture has much
beauty outside of the corn-field.

ON THE SCHUYLKILL,

by Mary Kollock, is a fine representation of the river, and the
dark herbage, put into a strong shadow, by its very contrast
adds to the liquid character of the water. It shows how many
methods can be used to obtain equally desirable results.

KENSINGTON GARDEN

is not a representation of the beautiful park which the British
government has prepared for the people, but Mignot goes back
a few years, and, in the desolation of winter, shows a hunter seek-
ing for game in the deserted field. It is the only snow study in
the room.

STORM IN THE SHAWANGUNK MOUNTAINS

is a literal study of nature, by G. H. McCord, of Yonkers, N.
Y., for in no other way would he find the heavy shadows on the
black cliff, only brought out still stronger by the soft sunlight
still falling on the trees near the brook. There is too close a
representation of the stormy side of nature to peioiit the scene
to be understood without patient examination.

H. BURCKEL

has chosen an entirely different class of subjects. In one, the
farmer and his good wife sit beside the cottage, watching

1 8 Chicago and her Exposition.

their cattle and sheep, and in the other the whole village seems
to gather at the fountain. German life and the German school
of painting are strongly characterized in his landscapes.

DIEFFENBACH

gives, it is true, a German picture in color and in handling, but
it is a beautiful study of life, which can be appreciated both by
the artist and the child. A little girl turns up a bright plate for
a mirror and the mother hen, after giving the alarm to her
brood, charges furiously on the reflection. The cat supposes the
onset is intended for her, but the mischief-maker rejoices in her
success at deception.

CINDERELLA,

by Arthur Pickering, of Chicago, is another picture for the
children, who will remember the story of the glass slipper.
Since its removal from the vicinity of the army red of Britannia
the fire seems to brighten up, but the artist needs to retouch his
background to bring out more prominently the head of the girl.

TEA PARTY IN THE GARRET,

by S. Verplanck, of Fishkill, New York, is just such a scene as
the little girls love to witness as well as to participate in. The
thoughtful mother must have carefully swept down every cob-
web, for in our days dust would gather there, but the assumed
character of matronly dignity by the children is finely given.

THE YOUNG ORATOR,

by the same artist, is not as good a picture, but it is only fair
that the boys should have a place, for here is the stiffness of the
youthful Demosthenes on the stage of a country school-house.

BLACK AND TAN.

If anybody can make a dog prick up his ears at a sudden
whistle, it is H. C. Bispham. Here he has given an animated
drawing of the mother seeking her puppies behind the ottoman,
and beautiful contrasts of color.

The Art Gallery. 19

HARD TO MANAGE

is another representation of nature. By raising a cloud of dust
C. M. Johns, of Pittsburgh, keeps the attention on the five
horses which almost master one man. The variety of action,
the spirit and the grouping make this a good horse picture.

RAM'S HEAD.

On the other side of the room is a fine head of a ram, by
F. W. Freer, which is well drawn in a very threatening position.

FRUIT AND WINE,

by George Harvey, of this city, is very good, the texture of the
glass is only fair, but the bloom appears on the peach and Cali-
fornia pear, and the dark grapes are finely arranged and possess
the liquid freshness of ripe fruit.

A. F. BROOKS

has also succeeded well in painting fruit, and it is hard to choose
between the apple and the nuts, in excellence of quality and
color.

A PLATE OF PEARS

is the best of the k fruit to which Daniel Wagner, of Norwich,
N. Y., invites us, aud they truly promise to furnish good eating.

PORTRAITS.

There is a large collection of portraits in the gallery, some
of which are good and others are poor ; and, at this season of
the year, it seems as though our home artists were devoted to
portraiture, for our landscape work is not fairly represented.
As far as it is judicious the names of the sitters appear in the
catalogue, and the friends of the artists will have a fine oppor-
tunity to criticise the work. Only one, of the more than score
of portrait painters, has given a full length picture, and this
might almost be ranked among the figure pieces, for it is an ex-
cellent study of drapery, with a position in which ladies are apt
to stand, but the quality of the painting of the head is not as
good as in another portrait by the same artist.

2O Chicago and her Exposition.

MILES STANDISH.

A picture of the Puritan hero, scarred by many battles with
the Indians, and with a disfigured eye, is said to be an original
portrait painted in England. The closest inquiry has failed to
elicit the name of the painter, but investigations have been
instituted in England which may yet prove successful.

CHICAGO RESURGE.

We cannot believe that any visitor has overlooked the im-
mense figure painting by Edward Armitage, a member of the
Royal Academy of London. The picture was presented to
Chicago for her new City Hall by the proprietors of the London
Graphic, and already has a wide reputation. As an allegorical
painting it cannot be underst6od without studp, and after two
months' close examination we must say, as a work of art, it is a
decided success. Whether the expression is pleasing or the story
flattering to American pride, is not to be inquired, but we must
meet two questions only : Has the artist vividly represented
his design, and has he complied with the rules of art ? What
was his commission ? He was selected to paint an allegorical
picture, which would represent the aid afforded by England to
suffering Chicago in her distress. Hence he portjays vigorous
Chicago entirely stripped of her beautiful clothing of purple, of
which the last vestige is seen still smoking, and, though losing
all of her possessions, yet she has escaped from personal injury.
America has partially raised the fainting form, has administered
a stimulating cordial, and, as though she had done all in her
power, now turns to Britannia, who comes to the aid with vigor
and fresh strength. The same idea is expressed in the watchful
and tired eagle, and the quiet lion at entire rest.

It is not to be expected that a zealous member of the Church
of England would admire the Puritan type of character, so he
has represented America as a mingling of the French Huguenot
and Indian races. Hence there is both intellectual power and
studied reserved in the face, but Britannia beams with interest
and sympathy. The laws of art have been complied with in

The Art Gallery. 21

the drawing, grouping and arrangement of color and light.
Trace the golden tint in the figures of Britannia's robe, in her
belt and coat of arms, and then diffused through the mantle of
America. The rosy tints can be traced from the flaming ruins,
caught up by the pink, diffused through the heavy maroon skirt,
repeated in the ribbon on the head of the nude figure and
finally absorbed by the flag. By frequent study, those who
enjoy a true work of art will learn to appreciate the talent of
the artist. The sky and the heavy masses of clouds are the
least satisfactory part of the painting, for they are cold and
hard.

LONG BRANCH BY MOONLIGHT

is the first picture by C. G. Rosenberg which has ever come to
the West. It is hard to understand, for the foreground is filled
with a group of people, finely drawn, but the contrasts of light
and shadow have an unpleasant effect. Still the central interest
of the picture is in the quiet ocean and the soft moonlight
which streams over it, with a beauty which can rarely be
excelled.

CENTRAL PARK

represents a gay group of people on the steps, between the lake
and the mall, by the same artist. Still the scene lacks artistic
treatment, and is by no means as worthy as the other.

SEALING THE LETTER

is a beautiful figure piece by George Harvey, who has carefully
painted a beautiful blonde, in the act of melting the wax to
seal a letter. The texture and color of drapery, and the grace-
ful position are very good, and a little softening of the shadow
on the face and intensifying of the modeling will make this
worthy of reception at any art-gallery in the world.

THE CREOLE

is a pastel picture, by J. Gollmann, of a lady leaning fonvard
n the arm of a chair, which is not represented, leaving the
visitor to wonder at the strange position.

22 Chicago and her Exposition.

ST. MARK S CHURCH

is an unusual representation of the interior of the famous cathe-
dral of Venice. The artist is C. G. Dyer, and he has chosen
one of the few days in the year when the sunlight streams
through the window and rests on the interior pillars. Thus he
avoids the prevailing gloom of continental churches, and
portrays the best work of the old architects in a warm light.

M. Knoedler, of New York, has sent to the Exposition
a fine series of good paintings, which add to the variety of the
art exhibition.

MOORISH PEASANTRY,

-

by Louis C. Tiffany, of New York, could well be called a study
of hats, but there is a beautiful vein of color, traceable from the
red sand through the group in white drapery.

HIGHLAND SHEEP

is a good exhibition of the petting the Scotch shepherdess gives
to her sheep. The little lamb, and the long-wooled sheep, have
been gracefully painted by E. Schenck, of Paris.

THE ANTIQUARIAN

seems to be greatly puzzled at the value of a mug, on whose
beauty the old man is expatiating ; A. K. Littschauer warms
his pictures with golden tints in the platter, and the hair and
clothing of the younger man.

THE LETTER

is being read with considerable interest, by the girl leaning
against the dresser, and A. Pabst, of Paris, has thrown consid-
erable animation into the old mother's face.

AWAITING PAPA'S RETURN

is a fine illustration of child-life, by Henry Picou, of Paris.
On a low seat two children are seated, and a woman is looking
over them, down the road.

DANCING LESSON

is full of suggestive figures, by Otto Guenther, of Dusseldorf.

The Art Gallery. 23

The old teacher, with the fiddle under his arm, is teaching the
correct step to two ladies, whom the group of young people are
watching. At the other wall sits an awkward gallant whisper-
ing to the girls, and in the background a deaf lady is receiving
a message through her ear trumpet.

GOSSIP

is well understood by J. Carolus, of Brussels, and the lady with
the crimson dress leans back on the sofa to receive the choice
tale, given her in an entertaining manner by the visitor in
black.

THE OLD CLEARING

is a landscape, painted by A. H. Wyant, with sleek and animated
deer added by A. F. Tait. Both have done well.

THE FIRST BUTTERFLY

is a scene in a German kitchen, and O. Rethel, of Dusseldorf,
strongly expresses character iri the face of the old woman, who
leans on a child, as they both watch the first comer in the
spring. The shadows are intense, and in all respects the work
is very fine.

THE PLEASURES OF CHILDHOOD,

by C. Beinke, is another painting of the Dusseldorf school, but
its principal value is in the variety of positions of the children,
and the opportunity for a study of color.

CRAYONS.

The south room contains some excellent crayons ; such as
the old head of Mr. Runnion, and the vigorous one of David
A. Gage, of the Grand Pacific Hotel, by Julius Gollmann.
There is a softness about these which marks them as the work
of an artist. Opposite to these Mrs. S. M. Fassett has a crayon
of a little girl, which is done with the precision of sculpture,
and then, in different style, portraits of the Register in Bank-
ruptcy in this city, and of Col. J. W. Foster, the late presides t
of the Academy of Sciences.

24 Chicago and her Exposition.

The ornamentation of the scree'n of this room consists of
castings in the new material of carton-pierre, which is, in some
respects, similar to papier-mache, though better adapted to
architectural decoration.

SCULPTURE.

In a new city little attention is given to the works of the
sculptor, and the risk of removal has prevented many from
loaning their works. Potter Palmer has consented to exhibit
here his copy of Zenobia, the queen of old Palmyra, by Miss
Harriet Hosmer. This is reduced to life-size, from the original
heroic statue, but there is the same beauty of form, without the
majestic presence.

THE YOUNG AUGUSTUS

is a copy of a bust found at Ostia, the old harbor of Rome,
only a few years ago, and which is supposed to have been made
as a portrait of the emperor at an early age.

VOLK'S STATUETTES

t

of Lincoln and Douglas are studies for larger figures, by an
artist who enjoyed the intimate acquaintance of both statesmen,
and who has here expressed his ideas of the character of the
two men.

"DREAMING"

is a little bust by A. L. Lansing, which marks the progress
of a student, and ought to incite him to study closely the laws
of art.

The busts in the room, of the son of S. B. Cobb, and the
plaster model of the banker-editor, Jonathan Young Scammon,
are also by L. W. Volk.

NEGRO STUDIES.

The life in Virginia of Edward V. Valentine has given
him a fine opportunity to delineate the character of the colored
race. There is much of sarcasm in his "Knowledge is Power,'*
and a fine conception of the little black rascal, whom he calls

The Art Gallery. 25

" The Nation's Ward." The sculptor, too, is a true artist, and
in his humor has not forgotten to express nature.

IONE

attracts much attention by its odd name, and by its being an
original statute by L. W. Volk, of this city. It was a commis-
sion from H. O. Stone, based on the description by Glaucus, in
a passage of Bulwer's " Last days of Pompeii," of the beau-
tiful maiden, of Athenian descent, whom he met in the Temple
of Minerva, at Naples. He describes her as having raised her
veil in prayer, and when their eyes met he felt her face was
exquisitely moulded and animated with beauty. Addressing
her in respectful tones, he invited her to place her olive garland
with his own upon the altar. Such is the scene which the artist
has represented, and the quiet face looks out to meet Glaucus,
as though she could trust the stranger. The possibility of move-
ment has been finely expressed by the artist, and the lines of
the upraised arm are beautifully moulded. The statue reflects
great credit on the artist, and forms a fitting climax to the
collection made so hastily, and yet so well, in our young city.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

The north room of the art-hall is entirely occupied by the
beautiful products of our local photographers, excepting the
Indian curiosities and portraits from the sole exhibitor from
our youngest territory, Arizona. The presence of the young
Apache, Little Montezuma, has attracted considerable attention,
especially as he is now with Mr. Charles Gentile, who has the
convenient photographic studio just opposite to the new mer-
cantile palace of Field, Leiter & Co., at the corner of State and
Washington streets.

Those who would like to examine more delicate Indian arti-
cles or to inquire still further about the methods of photo-
graphy, are cordially invited to step into the only water-balance
elevator in the world used by a photographer. The elevator
runs constantly without charge, and is the safest, smoothest and
largest in the city.

26 Chicago and her Exposition.

The character of Gentile's art work, made under a very large
and lofty sky-light, can be seen in the photographic hall. His
ideas of arrangement are very good, and whether it is the little
Apache, a sprightly girl, or the grave board of directors, in
every case he succeeds in taking a picture, which is both clear
cut and soft in outline. The finished surface of his photographs,
the easy position of the sitters, and the skill in taking the dra-
pery, make his pictures unusually good. The visitor will not
find a large display of portraits of beautiful ladies in elegant
costumes, for the artist is one of the latest comers, and the finan-
cial troubles have delayed many who had promised to give him
patronage. By another year this will be remedied, and now
there are plenty of the more useful specimens of ordinary por-
trait work.

The beautiful water-color miniatures among Gentile's por-
traits are the smallest in the exhibition, and are the work of J.
Arnold Morris, who is now finishing some ordered work for
Gentile.

In addition to portrait work, Gentile is the official photog-
rapher of the Exposition, and even his competitors admire the
artistic arrangement, the clearness, and the pleasing tone of
his prints. In beautiful finish his views and portraits will bear
the closest comparison with the best New York work, and excel
any ever made in the West. Even under great disadvantages in
Arizona, Gentile took both the exterior and interior views of
the most attractive church in America, the church of San Xavier
del Bee, and of the Casa Grande of the Montezumas, which
are among the most artistic pictures of the Exposition.

LITHOGRAPHS.

The fine work on the first page of the cover ,of this book
was done at the corner of Washington Street and Fifth Avenue,
by the National Lithographic Institute, who make a large display
of samples of their work on the screens before the Art Gallery.

THE ART CATALOGUE.

JAS. F. AITKEN, SUPERINTENDENT OF ART GALLERY.

PAINTINGS IN OIL AND WATER COLORS.

TITLE AND ARTIST. OWNER.

AUTUMN IN THE SIERRA. (See page 3.)

A. Bierstadt. Artist, New York.

FIRE MEMORIAL PAINTING. (See page 20.)

E. Armitage, R. A., London. Chicago.

LONG BRANCH BY MOONLIGHT. (See page 21.)

C. G. Rosenberg. Artist, New York.

CENTRAL PARK. (See page 21.)

C. G. Rosenberg. Artist, New York.

BASKET OF RASPBERRIES. (See page 16.)

Mrs. R. G. Packard. Artist, New York.

GROUP OF FISH. (See page 15.)

Sam'l M. Brooks, San Francisco. E. Bierstadt.

NORWAY LANDSCAPE. (See page 7.)

S. Hammerstadt. Artist, Chicago.

HARD TO MANAGE. (See page 19.)

Clarence M. Johns, Pittsburgh, Pa. Artist.

GLENCOE, SCOTLAND. (See page 5.)

Arthur Parton, New York. Emigh.

LAKE MEMPHREMAGOG. (See page 6.)

J. C. Wiggins. Emigh.

ADIRONDACKS. (See page 6.)

Arthur Parton, New York. Emigh.

ADIRONDACKS. (See page 6.)

Arthur Parton, N. Y. Emigh.

FLOWERS. (See page 16.)

Miraudote. Emigh.

N T o. TITLE AND ARTIST. OWNER.

14 UNEXPECTED FRIENDS ON THE BATTLE FIELD.

II. Balling, New York. Artist.

15 I DO LISTEN NORWEGIAN SHEPHERDESS.

H. Balling, New York. Artist.

16 GROUP OF CHILDREN.

Pine, Chicago. J. W. Doane.

17 THE BEAUTIFUL GARDENER. (Seepage 8.)

Plassan, Paris. Kellogg.

18 COMMITTING TO MEMORY. (See page 8.)

Holfeld, Paris. Kellogg.

19 THE LOCKET. (See page 8.)

J. Coomans, Paris. Kellogg.

20 LAKE IN THE WOODS. (Seepages.)

Geo. H. Smillie. Artist.

21 LAKE CHAMPLAIN Near Burlington, Vt. (See page 7.)

D. F. Bigelow. Artist.

22 SYCAMORES. (See page 13.)

H. C. Ford. E. Burnham.

23 ENTRANCE SOUTH PARK. (See page 13.)

H. A. Elkins. E. Burnham.

24 OCTOBER WOODS. (See page 13.)

H. C. Ford. Artist.

25 MARINE COAST OF MEXICO.

L. Holtz. Artist.

26 STEAMSHIP BALTIC.

Wm. Ferguson. White Star Line.

27 PORTRAIT OF MISS AITKEN.

Schwerdt. Miss Aitken.

28 BROOK IN THE ADIRONDACKS. (See page 14.)

Chas. A. Fiske, Fairfield, Conn. Artist.

29 THE CHRISTMAS GIFT. (See page 8.)

Holfeld, Paris. Kellogg.

30 VIEW ON THE DES PLAINES. (See page 7.)

Annie C. Shaw. Artist.

31 PORTRAIT OF DR. F. W. FREER.

F. W. Freer. F W. Freer.

32 PORTRAIT.

F. W. Freer. Artist.

33 INTERIOR IN XVI. CENTURY. (See page 9.)

Knarren, Brussels. Kellogg.

34 PORTRAIT, HON. LEONARD SWETT.

A. E. Darling. Mr. Swett.

35 PORTRAIT OF A LADY.

A. E. Darling. Artist.

No. TITLE AND ARTIST. OWNER.

36 MY LITTLE SISTER.

J. R. Stites. Artist.

37 PORTRAIT.

H. E. Peterson. Artist.

38 THE QUEEN OF PEACE. (See page 9.)

lilenbach, Dusseldorf. Kellogg.

39 TEA PARTY IN THE GARRET. (See page 18.)

Samuel Verplanck. Artist.

40 THE YOUNG ORATOR. (See page 18.)

Samuel Verplanck. Artist.

41 BEACH SCENE. (See page 10.)

\\m. Bradford.

42 GRANDPA'S LITTLE GIRL. (See page 1 6.)

Rose F. Peckham. Artist.

43 PORTRAIT.

John Phillips. Artist.

44 PORTRAIT.

S. Kelley. Artist.

45 FRUIT.

J. P. Andrews, N. Y. Artist.

46 ON THE SCHUYLKILL. (Seepage^.)

Mary Kollock. Artist.

47 STORM IN THE SHAWANGUNK MTS. (See page 17.)

G. H. McCord, Brooklyn. Artist.

48 GRAPES.

Mrs. Henshaw, New York. Artist.

49 FOUNTAIN OF POMPEII. (See page 8.)

J. Coomans, Paris. Kellogg.

50 PORTRAIT.

Stephen Kelley. Artist.

51 ON THE CONNECTICUT. (See page 14.)

J. F. Kensett. Emigh.

52 LAKE GEORGE. (See page 6.)

J. F. Kensett. Emigh.

53 SUNSET AFTER A STORM. (See page 14.)

K. Van Elten. Emigh.

54 A NOVEMBER DAY. (See page 14.)

J. R. Brevoort. Emigh.

25 CORN-HUSKING DOWN EAST. (See page 9.)

Eastman Johnson. Kellogg.

56 THE OLD NOBLEMAN. (See page 9.)

Siegert, Dusseldorf. Kellogg.

57 AFTERNOON ON THE HUDSON. (See page 7.)

Wm. Hart, New York. Kellogg.

No. TITLE AND ARTIST. OWNER.

58 THE FORGE. (See page 10.)

Verschour, Holland. Kellogg.

59 PORTRAIT OF OWEN MCCARTHY.

F. L. Rockwell. Artist.

60 PORTRAIT OF J. C. GAULT.

Frank M. Pebbles. J. C. Gault.

6 1 PORTRAIT OF MRS. J. W. HODGKINS.

Frank M. Pebbles. Mr. Hodgkins.

62 PORTRAIT.

H. E. C. Peterson. Artist.

63 WHO'S AFRAID. (See page 16.)

Miss Florence B. Morton. Artist.

64 LAKE MAGGIORE. (See page 6.)

A. Waagon. M. Ryerson.

65 LANDSCAPE NEAR ROME.

H. Burckel. M. Ryerson.

66 LANDSCAPE Bavarian Mountain.

H. Burckel. M. Ryerson.

67 THE PILLAR LAKE. (See page 6.)

Reckmann. M. Ryerson.

68 CONGREGATIONAL SINGING. (See page 10.)

Teniers. Kellogg.

69 FLOWERS AND VASES. (See page 10.)

Robie, Brussels. Kellogg.

70 LEAVING HOME. (See page 10.)

Carl Hubner, Dusseldorf. Kellogg.

71 FLEMISH INTERIOR. (See page n.)

Von Hove, Holland. Kellogg.

72 THE HOME OF MOTHER CAREY'S CHICKENS. (See page 11.)

F. M. H. DeHaas, New York. Kellogg.

73 THE STUDENT. (See page 11.)

Fredericks, New York. Kellogg.

74 THE SLEEPY NURSE. (See page n.)

Wm. Morgan, New York. Kellogg.

75 APPLES. (See page 12.)

M. Brown, New York. Kellogg.

76 CATTLE. (See page 12.)

Beekhausen, Copenhagen. Kellogg.

77 CHICKENS.

Tail, New York. Kellogg.

78 FRUIT AND WINE. (See page 12.)

Wilms, Florence. Kellogg.

79 EXPECTATION. (See page 8.)

Victor Chavet. Kellogg.

No. TITLE AND ARTIS^. OWNER.

50 A GLIMPSE OF THE CATSKILLS. (See page 12.)

A. D. Sbattuck, New York. Kellogg.

51 VENICE. (See page 10.)

David Neal. Kellcgg.

82 THE CHILD'S PRAYER. (See page 12.)

Meyer Yon Bremen, Berlin. Kellogg.

83 TAKING THE LIKENESS. (See page 13.)

Ed. Frere, Paris. Kellogg.

84 CABBAGE PATCH. (See page 13.)

J. Merahn. Kellogg.

85 SUMMER. (See page 12.)

J. D. Smillie, New York. Kellogg.

86 SAPPHO. (See page 12.)

Leslie, London. Kellogg.

87 THE SAILOR.

Copy, by Miss Eva Hammond.

88 THE HAWK BOY.

Couteur, copy by Miss Hammond.

89 CINDERELLA. (See page 18.)

A. Pickering, Chicago. Artist.

90 THE SAVOYARD. (See page 16.)

Kate Cameron. Artist.

91 PORTRAIT OF GEORGE HARVEY.

John Phillips. George Harvey.

92 PORTRAIT OF MRS. WALKER.

John Phillips. Mr. Walker.

93 AFTER A SHOWER. (See page 14.)

H. Von Elten, New York. Emigh.

94 PASSING SHOWER, (See page 14.)

J. F. Kensett, New York. Emigh.

95 KENSINGTON GARDEN. (See page 17.)

Mignot. Emigh.

96 SEALING THE LETTER. (See Page 21.)

Geo. H. Harvey, Chicago Artist.

97 COAST SCENE.

J. R. Brevoort, New York. Emigh.

98 FLOWERS AND VINES. (See page 16.)

Mrs. A. C. Freeland. Miss Morion.

99 ONLY WAITING.

La Soeur. Samuel J. Smith.

100 AUTUMN SUNSET.

Prof. Streight, Chicago.

101 PASTEL PORTRAIT, THE CREOLE LADY. (See page 21.)

J. Gollmann, Chicago. Artist.

No. TITLB AND ARTIST. OWN an.

102 CRAYON PORTRAIT OF DAVID A. GAGE.

J. Gollmann. Mr. Gage.

103 PORTRAIT OF GOV. BROSS.

J. Gollmann. Gov. Bross.

104 PORTRAIT OF P. A. HALL.

J. Gollmann. P. A. Hall.

105 CONTENTED.

J. Gollmann. Artist.

106 IN THE CORNFIELD. (Seepage 17.)

E. W. Hall. Artist.

107 CRAYON PORTRAIT OF J. YOUNG SCAMMON.

Mrs. S. M. Fassett. Mr. Scamrr

108 CRAYON PORTRAIT OF H. W. HIBBARD. (See page -

Mrs. S. M. Fassett. Mr. H

109 CRAYON STUDY OF A CHILD. (See page 23.)

Mrs. S. M. Fassett.

1 10 CRAYON PORTRAIT OF LOUIS WAHL.

Rabat. Mr. \,

in CRAYON PORTRAIT OF MAYOR J. MEDILL.

Rabat. J. Medill.

112 CRAYON PORTRAIT OF DR. MILLER.

Rabat. Dr. Miller.

113 STILL LIFE. (See page 16.)

P. Schneider. Artist.

114 PROTECTING HER PETS. (Seepage 18.)

Dieffenbach.

115 PORTRAIT OF A CHILD.

Mrs. St. John.

116 PORTRAIT OF A CHILD.

Mrs. St. John. Artist.,!^

117 INTERIOR OF ST. MARK'S CHURCH. (See page 22.)

C. G. Dyer. Artist.

118 CRAYON PORTRAIT OF MR. RUNNICfN. (See page 23.)

J. Gollmann. Mr. Runnion.'

119 LANDSCAPE. (See page 14.)

E. Von Perbandt, Dusseldorf. M. Knoedler, N. Y.

301 CHRISTIANS LEAVING JERUSALEM.

Meirielt, after Kaulbach. M. Ryerson.

302 WRECK IN MID-OCEAN. (See page 15.)

Paul Brown. Artist.

303 OFF SLEEPING BEAR POINT. (See page 15.)

Paul Brown. Artist.

304 WASHINGTON After Siom/on's Cast. (See page 13.)

J. \V. Dodge. Artist.

No.
305

306

37

308

309

10

M. Knoedler.

M. Knoedler.

M. Knoedler.

M. Knoedler.
M. Knoedler.

us

TITLE AND ART^. OWNER.

ONE THAT TH1RSTETH. j;Se page 13.)

A. F. Brooks. Artist.

THE OLD, OLD STORY. (Seepage 13.)

A. F. Brooks. Artist.

PORTRAIT OF ROBERT COLYER. (See page 13.)

A. F. Brooks. < Artist.

PORTRAIT OF LADY AND CHILD.

G. P. A. Healy, Rome. L. W. Yolk.

THE LETTER. (See page 22.)
' A. Pabst, Paris. M. Knoedler.

THE DANCING LESSON. (See page 22.)
Otto Guenther, Dusseldorf.

GOSSIP. (See page 23.)
ft J- Carolus, Brussels.

FLOWERS. (See page 1 6.)
v Art B.'.khuizen.

TH.' FIRST BUTTERFLY. (See page 23.)
O. Rethel, Dusseldorf.

PLEASURES OF CHILDHOOD. (See page 23.)

C. Beinke, Dusseldurf.

MOORISH PEASANTRY. (See page 22.)
L. C. Tiffany, New York.

HIGHLAND SHEEP. {See page 22.)
E. Scbenck, Paris.

THE ANTIQUARIAN. (See page 22.)
A. K. Littschauer, Dusseldorf.

THE OLD CLEARING. (See page 23.)
Landscape, A. H. Wyant; Deer, A. T. Tail.

ASKING BEARINGS.
Norton, Boston.

WOOD SCENE. (See page 13.)
W. \Vhittrede.

HEAD OF BEETHOVEN IN CRAYON.
S. Rabat, Chicago.

PORTRAIT OF YOUNG LADY.
Albert Jenks, Chicago.

PORTRAIT, GEN. GEO. H. THOMAS.
A. F. Brooks, Chicago.

PORTRAIT, DR. A. E. SMALL.
Mrs. S. M. Fossett, Chicago.

PEARS. (See page 19.)

D. \Vagnt-r.

MARINE SKETCH.
D. T. Williams,

A 3

Artist.

M. Knoedler.

M. Knoedler.

A. H. Wyant.

Edwin Lee Brown.

Artist.

Artist.

Dr. Small.

Mrs. L. M. Wagner.

Artist,

No.
327

328
329
33
33i
332
333
334

335
336

337
338
339
340
341
342

344
345
346
347
348

TITLE ANI> AKTIST.
STUDIES AT VENICE.
S. A. D. Volk.

RASPBERRIES.
D. Wagner.

COLORADO SUNSET. . (See page 14.)
George S. Collis.

PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG LADY.
A. F. Brooks.

INTERIOR OF A STUDIO, AND FLAGS,
Miss Gage.

LANDSCAPE IN GREEN MOUNTAIN'S.
George S. Collis.

PORTRAIT OF MR. PERRO.
A. F. Brooks.

PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG LADY.

PORTRAIT OF MILES STANDISH. (See

BLACK AND TAN. (See page 18.)
H. Q. Bispham, New York.

PORTRAIT OF A GIRL.
J. W. Dodge.

RAM'S HEAD. (See page 19.)
F. W. Freer.

PORTRAIT OF MR. DAVIS.
J. W. Dodge.

JOYS OF SPRING.
D. Wagner.

PORTRAIT OF MISS CLAYBERG.
C. F. Schwerdt, Chicago.

FRUIT AND WINE. (Seepage 10.)
George Harvey.

FRUIT AND NUTS. (See page 19.)
A. F. Brooks. 7

AUTUMN.

Geo. H. Smillie, New York.

TROPICAL ORCHID.
M. J- Heade, New York.

PASSING FROM THE MALL TO THE L
Emma Scaife, New York.

PEAR AND GRAPES.
M. Ream, New York.

DELICIOUS TABLE.
M. Ream, New York,

OWNBR.

L. W. Volk.
Mrs. L. M. Wagner.

Artist.
Artist.

Artist.

(See page 14.)

Artist.

Mr. Perro.

M. Kimfcall.

page 20.)

#

Mr. Davis. t

Artist.

Mr. Davis.

Mrs. L. M. Wagner.

Miss Clayl

AKE Cenl;

SCULPTURE.

N TITUB AXD ARTIST. OWNER.

121 BUST OF ALLEGRO.

David Richards, Chicago. Artist.

122 BUST OF WALTER COBB. (See page 24.)

L. W. Volk, Chicago. S. B. Cobb.

123 KNOWLEDGE IS POWER. (See page 24.)

Edward V. Valentine, Richmond, Va. Artist.

124 THE NATION'S WARD. (See page 25.)

E. V. Valentine. Artist.

125 STATUETTE, ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (See page 24.)

L. W. Volk. Artist.

126 STATUETTE, STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. (See page 24.)

L. W. Volk. Artist.

127 ROGERS'S GROUPS.

John Rogers, New York. West & Co.

128 BUST OF THE YOUNG AUGUSTUS. (Seepage 24.)

L. W. Volk, after antique. Mrs. J. Y. Scammon.

129 IONE. (See page 25.)

L. W. Volk. H. O. Stone.

130 ZENOBIA. (See page 24.)

Harriet Hosmer. Potter Palmer.

131 BUST OF J. YOUNG SCAMMON. (See page 24.)

L. W. Volk. J. Y. Scammon.

132 DREAMING. An Ideal Bust. (See page 24.)

A. L Lansing. H. S. Lansing.

HEBE. (See page 98 of Guide Proper.}

Canova. Public Library of Kentucky.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

PORTRAITS. C. D. Mosher.

LANDSCAPES. P. B. Green.

PORTRAITS AND LANDSCAPES. C. Gentile.

PORTRAITS AND LANDSCAPES. Copelin & Son.

PORTRAITS. H. Rocher.

PORTRAITS. Alfred Hall.

PORTRAITS. E. L. Brand & Co.

PORTRAIT OF GEO. H. LAFLIN. E. L. Brand.

STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS. Lovejoy & Foster.

PORTRAITS. George J. Klein.

PORTRAITS. E. D. Ormsfcy.

PHOTOGRAPHS Continued.

PORTRAITS. Rider & Barnard.
PORTRAITS. T. S. Johnson.
PORTRAITS. Thomas Severn.
PORTRAITS. S. M Fassett.
ARIZONA CURIOSITIES. C. Gentile.

ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. W. L. B. Jenney.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. Sturgis.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. Armstrong & Egan.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. De Forrest & Fisher.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. A. J. York.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. James Murdoch.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. Wheelock & Thomas.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. Adam L. Robb.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. L. C. Welch.

COURT HOUSE DESIGN. Thomas Tilley.

INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION, PHILADELPHIA. Photo-
graphs of Ten Competing Plans.

PERSPECTIVE VIEWS. J. B. Tyerman.

WOOD CARVINGS, ETC.

CARTON PIERRE. Godard and Le Jeune.
WAX-WORK. L. MacLean.
WAX-WORK. Mrs. I. M. Bell.
WAX-WORK. Miss Lizzie Baxter.
WAX-WORK. Mrs. Cook.

STAINED GLASS.

STAINED WINDOW. Henry Goetinck, artist of Otto Jevne& C.
STAINED WINDOW. Geo. A. Misch.
CUT-GLASS WINDOW. James Berry & Co.

Grandest Scheme Ever Known.

fourth Qrand Q-ift Qoncert,

FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE

PUBLIC LIBRARY OF KENTUCKY.

12,000 CASH GIFTS, $1,500,000,

EVERY FIFTH TICKET DRAWS A GIFT.

S25O,OOO.OO IFOIR, S5O.OO

The Fourth Grand Gift Concert, authorized by special act of the Legislature, for the
benefit of the Public Library of Kentucky, will take place in Public Library Hall, at Louis-

WEDNESDA Y, DECEMBER 3, 1873.

Only sixty thousand tickets will be sold, and one-half of these are intended for the
European market, thus leaving only 30,000 for sale in the United States, where 100,000 were
disposed of for the Third Concert. The tickets are divided into ten coupons, or parts, and
have on their back the Scheme, with a full explanation of the mode of drawing.

At this Concert, which will be the grandest musical display ever witnessed in this coun-
try, the unprecedented sum of

$1,5OO.OQO,

Divided into i?,o-x> cash gifts, will bo distributed by lot among the ticket-holders. The num-
bers of the tickets to be drawn from one wheel by blind children, and the gifts from another.

LIST OF 1 O I F 1 T S .

CHI G2AND CASH GIFT $250.000 I BO Cash Gift:, $1,000 each.. 50,000

o: E GSA::D CASH GIFT 100,000 I s: :uh sifts, sooeach 4 ,000

ONE S3.-.K CASH GIFT 50,000 100 Cash Gifts, 400 each 40.COO

CSS G::ASD CA'.H GI:T - 25,000 1503ah Gifts, SOOoach 45,000

OSE GSA..D CASH GIFT 17,500 250 Cwh Gifts, 200 each 50,000

10 :ash G:fu, $10,COO each 100,000 325 :ash Gifts, 100 oach 32,500

SOCashGJa, 5,000 each 150,000 11,000 Cash Gifts, 50 each 550,000

Total, 12,000 Gifts, ALL CASH, amounting to $1,500,000

The distribution will be positive whether all the tickets are sold or not, and the 12,000
gifts al! paid in proportion to the tickets sold all unsold tickets 'being destroyed, as at the
First and Second Concerts, and not represented in the drawing.

PRICES OF TICKETS.

Whole Tickets. $50.00 ; Halves, $25.00 ; Tenths, or Each Coupon, $5 00 : Eleven Whole
Tickets or $50000; 22 1-2 Tickets for $1,000 00 ; 113 Whole Tickets for $5.000 00. 227
Whole Tickets for $10,000.00. No discount on less than $500.00 worth of Tickets at a
time.

The unparalleled success of the Third Gift Concert, as well as the satisfaction given by
the First and Second, makes it only necessary to announce the Fourth, to insure the
prompt sale of every ticket. The fourth Gift Concert will be conducted in all its details like
the Third, and full particulars may be learned from circulars, which will be sent free from this
office to all who may apply for them.

Tickets now ready tor sale, and all orders accompanied by the money promptly filled.
Liberal terms given to those who buy to sell again.

THOS. E. BRAMLETTE,

Agent Public Library, Ky., and Manager Gift Concert
Public Library Building, Louisville, Ky.

H. ROCHER,

portrait 1 hotographer,

RESIDENCK AND STUDIO.

784 Wabash Avenue, - CHICAGO.